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**Mounted on stigmatic plates
**Mounted on stigmatic plates
*Muscular contactions of the body wall produce repiratory movements
*Muscular contactions of the body wall produce respiratory movements
*Shape of spiracles and stigmatic plates used for species identification
*Shape of spiracles and stigmatic plates used for species identification
**Proventriculus
**Proventriculus
**Gizzard present in insects which eat solid food
**Gizzard present in insects which eat solid food
**Muscular wall and teeth on inner surface
***Muscular wall and teeth on inner surface
*Midgut:
*Midgut:
*Hindgut:
*Hindgut:
**Water resorption
**Water resorption
====Circulatory System====
*Heart situated dorsally
**Valves divide heart into compartments
**Valves only let blood flow forwards
*Aorta
*Branching blood vessels
*Haemocoele
**General body cavity
**Equivalent to the capillary circulation in mammals
*Ostia (openings) in the blood vessel walls allow return of blood to the heart
====Nervous System====
====Nervous System====
*Small brain above the oesophagus
*Chain of fused ganglia running along the floor of the abdomen and thorax
**Nerves are given off from chain
====Fat Body====
====Fat Body====
*Large structure
*Cells containing fat vacuoles
*Lines the body cavity and internal organs
*Equivalent to the visceral and parietal peritoneum in mammals
*Food reservoir during hibernation or starvation periods
====Reproductive System====
====Reproductive System====
*Most insects have seperate sexes
*Reproductive organs are analogous to mammals
*Spermatheca present in females
**Accessory female sex organ
**Recepticle for spermatozoa
**Sperm remains viable for most of the female's life cycle
==Life cycles==
==Life cycles==