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*Divided into two groups depending on the mode of development of the insect vector
 
*Divided into two groups depending on the mode of development of the insect vector
 
**'''Salivarian'''
 
**'''Salivarian'''
***Multiply in the foregut
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***Multiply in the foregut and proboscis
 
***Transmitted via innoculation via feeding  
 
***Transmitted via innoculation via feeding  
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***Transmitted by [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|''Tsetse'' flies]]
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***Also known as '''anterior station development'''
 
**'''Stercorarian'''
 
**'''Stercorarian'''
 
***Multiply in the hindgut
 
***Multiply in the hindgut
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***Infective forms migrate to the [[Rectum - Anatomy & Physiology|rectum]]
 
***Transmitted via contamination of wounds with insect faeces
 
***Transmitted via contamination of wounds with insect faeces
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***Also known as '''posterior station development'''
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*All ''Trypansomes'' except for ''T. equiperdum'' have arthropod vectors
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**''T. equiperdum'' is a venerally transmitted disease
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*'''Non-cyclical''' transmission can also occur
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**Mechanical transmission
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**Transferred by interrupted feeding from one host to another
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**Usually transmitted by [[Biting Flies|biting flies]], e.g. [[Biting Flies#Tabanidae|''Tabanidae'']] and [[Biting Flies#Stomoxys calcitrans|''Stomoxys'']]
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'''Recognition'''
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*Elongated, spindle shaped protozoa
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*Between 8 and 39 μm in length
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*Flagellate
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**Flagellum runs the length of the body attached to the pellicle which forms an undulating membrane
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*Kinetoplast present which contains the DNA of the single mitochondrion
    
'''Life Cycle'''
 
'''Life Cycle'''
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*Enlarged [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]
 
*Enlarged [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]
 
**Causes lymphoid exhaustion
 
**Causes lymphoid exhaustion
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**Associated with plasma cell hypertrophy and hypergammaglobulinaemia
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***Due to an increase in [[Immunoglobulin M - WikiBlood|IgM]]
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**With infections of increased duration, the [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]] shrink due to exhaustion of their cellular elements
    
*Anaemia
 
*Anaemia
**Red blood cells removed from circulation
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**Red blood cells are removed from circulation ('''haemolytic''')
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**Is a cardinal feature of the disease
    
*Degeneration and inflammation of multiple organs
 
*Degeneration and inflammation of multiple organs
 
**E.g. Skeletal muscle, myocardium and CNS
 
**E.g. Skeletal muscle, myocardium and CNS
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'''Clinical Signs'''
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*In ruminants:
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**Anaemia
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**Enlargement of the [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]]
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**Progressive loss of body condition
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**Fever and appetite loss occur during parasite peaks
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**Chronic disease which usually terminates in death of the animal if untreated
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**Can cause abortion, infertility and decreased growth in herds
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*In horses:
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**Acute or chronic infections of ''T. brucei''
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**Oedema of the limbs and genitalia
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*In pigs:
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**''T. congolense'' infections are mild or chronic
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**''T. simiae'' infections are hyperacute usually leading to death from pyrexia in a few days
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*In dogs and cats:
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**''T. brucei'' and ''T. congolese''
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**Actute infections
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**Fever, anaemia, myocarditis, corneal opacity
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**Occasionally neurological signs present, such as increased aggression, ataxia and convulsions
    
'''Epidemiology'''
 
'''Epidemiology'''
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