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*Severe disease of ruminants in sub-Saharan Africa caused by ''Cowdria ruminantium''
*Severe disease of ruminants in sub-Saharan Africa caused by ''Cowdria ruminantium''
*Vectors include ''Amblyomma'' ticks
*Vectors include ''Amblyomma'' ticks
*Carrier status can occur for up to 8 months in adult cattle and wildebeest
*Clinical disease in calves and lambs
*Clinical signs
**Incubation period 4 weeks
**Acute fever
**Neurological signs including chewing, twitching of eyelids, circling, high-stepping gait, convulsions and recumbency; can be fatal
**Subacute cases suffer from hydropericardium, hydrothorax and pulmonary oedema and congestion; splenomegaly and haemorrhages may occur
*Diagnosis
**Clinical and post mortem findings in endemic areas suggestive
**Orgnisms present in nuclei of endothelial cells in Giemsa-stained brain tissue
**PCR, indirect immunofluorescence, ELISA and western blot
*Treatment and control
**Tetracyclines during early disease
**Immunisation using infected blood
===Bovine anaplasmosis===
*Disease of cattle in tropical and sub-tropical regions caused by ''Anaplasma marginale''
*Carrier status in endemic regions with clinical disease occuring in times of stress
*High mortality rate in naive adult cattle
*Morulae localise inside red blood cells close to the cell membrane
*Transmitted via the ''Boophilus'' tick as well as flies and contaminated instruments
*Clinical signs
**Inculbation period 2-12 weeks
**Anorexia, fever, depression, reduced milk yield, weight loss
**Anaemia and icterus
**Sudden death from hypoxia can occur
*Diagnosis
**Clinical signs and haematology suggestive
**Organisms present in erythrocytes of Giemsa-stained blood smears
**Immunofluorescence of blood smears, PCR, serology
*Treatment and control
**Long-acting oxytetracycline or imidocarb early in the disease
**Supportive therapy
**Vaccination of animals being introduced into an endemic region
===Feline infectious anaemia===
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