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→Oestridae
**Enzymatic secretions and mouth hooks aids larval migration
**Enzymatic secretions and mouth hooks aids larval migration
*After 3 months larvae reach '''winter resting sites''' where they remain from November to Feburary/March whilst moulting to the L2 stage
*After 3 months larvae reach '''winter resting sites''' where they remain from November to February/March whilst moulting to the L2 stage
**Epidural fat in the spinal canal for ''H. bovis''
**Epidural fat in the spinal canal for ''H. bovis''
**Wall of the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] for ''H. lineatum''
**Wall of the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] for ''H. lineatum''
**Toxin release
**Toxin release
**Pressure on the spinal cord (''H. bovis'')
**Pressure on the spinal cord (''H. bovis'')
**Bloat from pressue on the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophageal wall]] (''H. lineatum'')
**Bloat from pressure on the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophageal wall]] (''H. lineatum'')
'''Control'''
'''Control'''
'''Life Cycle'''
'''Life Cycle'''
*Larvae are squirted into the nostils of sheep in a jet of liquid
*Larvae are squirted into the nostrils of sheep in a jet of liquid
*The larvae crawl caudally into the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal cavity]] and feed on the nasal mucosa and mature before returning to the nostrils
*The larvae crawl caudally into the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal cavity]] and feed on the nasal mucosa and mature before returning to the nostrils
'''Pathogenesis'''
'''Pathogenesis'''
*Adult flies can annoyance
*Adult flies cause annoyance
**Interrupts feeding
**Interrupts feeding
**Leads to a decreased weight gain
**Leads to a decreased weight gain
*Obligate parasites of equids
*Obligate parasites of equids
*Spend most of lifecycle in equine stomach
*Spend most of life cycle in equine stomach
**Cause little pathogenesic significance
**Of little pathogenic significance
*Three important species (in the UK)
*Three important species (in the UK)
***Eggs laid around the [[Lips - Anatomy & Physiology|lips]]
***Eggs laid around the [[Lips - Anatomy & Physiology|lips]]
*Larvae crawl into the mouth and penetrate the tissues of the buccal mucosa which takes a few weeks
*Larvae crawl into the mouth and penetrate the tissues of the tongue and buccal mucosa
*Larvae then emerge and are swallowed
*Larvae then emerge after a couple of weeks and are swallowed
*Larvae pass into the [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]] and attach to the gastric mucosa
*Larvae pass into the [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]] and attach to the gastric mucosa
*Larvae pupate on the ground
*Larvae pupate on the ground
*Adults hatch after 1-2 months and survive for a few days up to two weeks
*Adults hatch after 1-2 months and survive from a few days to two weeks
**Adults have non-functional mouthparts so cannot feed
**Adults have non-functional mouthparts so cannot feed
**Ring like thickening around the base of each attached larvae
**Ring like thickening around the base of each attached larvae
*Large numbes of larvae may interfere with the passage of food and action of the sphincters
*Large numbers of larvae may interfere with the passage of food and action of gastric sphincters
*''G. haemorrhoidalis'' can cause mild irritation to the rectal wall
*''G. haemorrhoidalis'' can cause mild irritation to the rectal wall
**Yellow/orange head and legs
**Yellow/orange head and legs
*Larvae are dinstincive as they taper towards the posterior end
*Larvae are distinctive as they taper towards the posterior end
'''Life Cycle'''
'''Life Cycle'''
'''Pathogenesis'''
'''Pathogenesis'''
*In humans, the larvae are msot often found in swellings on the head and limbs
*In humans, the larvae are most often found in swellings on the head and limbs
*Larvae cause painful swellings and distress to cattle
*Larvae cause painful swellings and distress to cattle
*Larvae cause production losses
*Larvae cause production losses
*Larvae exit wounds can increase the prevalence of attack by other myiasis flies
*Wounds caused by exiting larvae can increase the prevalence of attack by other myiasis flies
==Calliphoridae==
==Calliphoridae==