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→Burrowing Mites
*Dorsal spines
*Dorsal spines
**Arranged in rows
**Arranged in rows
*Terminal anus
*Terminal anus
*Female lays eggs in epidermis in an '''egg laying pocket'''
*Female lays eggs in epidermis in an '''egg laying pocket'''
*Female feeds on liquid ozzing from damaged tissue
*Female feeds on liquid oozing from damaged tissue
*The eggs hatch in 1 week
*The eggs hatch in 1 week
*Nymphs moult twice before becoming adults
*Nymphs moult twice before becoming adults
*Adult males emerge and look for females for mating
*Adult males emerge and look for females to mate
'''Transmission'''
'''Transmission'''
'''Pathogenesis'''
'''Pathogenesis'''
*Erthema with papule formation
*Erythema with papule formation
*Scale and crust formation
*Scale and crust formation
**Scab formation
**Scab formation
*Wrinkling anf thickening of skin
*Wrinkling and thickening of skin
*Hypersensitivity may develop
*Hypersensitivity may develop
**Rash develops
**Rash develops
*''Sarcoptes scabiei
*''Sarcoptes scabiei''
**In [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Scabies|scabies]]
**In [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Scabies|scabies]]
*Strains of ''S. scabiei'' can be passed between different animals and cause clinical signs although the infection is likely to resolve spontaneously and be unlikely to establish
*Strains of ''S. scabiei'' can be passed between different animals and cause clinical signs although the infection is likely to resolve spontaneously and be unlikely to establish
'''Diagnisis'''
'''Diagnosis'''
*Skin scraping until capillary blood appears
*Skin scraping until capillary blood appears
**Adults, eggs, immature mites and faecal pellets looked for
**Adults, eggs, immature mites and faecal pellets can be seen microscopically
*Place material on a microscope slide
*Place material on a microscope slide
*Add 10% KOH
*Add 10% KOH
*Warm slide over bunson flame
*Warm slide over bunsen flame
'''Treatment'''
'''Treatment'''
*Highly contagious
*Highly contagious
*Intense pruritis
*Intense pruritus
*First signs appear at edges of ears, then progresses to muzzle, face and elbows
*First signs appear at edges of ears, then progresses to muzzle, face and elbows
[[Image:Clinical Case 2 03.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Knemidocoptes'' Mite under Light microscope (Courtesy of C. Antonczyk)]]
[[Image:Clinical Case 2 03.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Knemidocoptes'' Mite under Light microscope (Courtesy of C. Antonczyk)]]
[[Image:Clinical Case 2 01.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Chicken with Scaly Leg (Courtesy of C. Antonczyk)]]
[[Image:Clinical Case 2 01.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Chicken with Scaly Leg (Courtesy of C. Antonczyk)]]
*Only genus of burrowing mites which occur on avian species
*Only genus of burrowing mites which occurs on avian species
*Life cycle similar to ''Sarcoptes spp.''
*Life cycle similar to ''Sarcoptes spp.''
**Depluming itch in poultry
**Depluming itch in poultry
**Burrow into feather shafts
**Burrow into feather shafts
**Intense pain and pruritis
**Intense pain and pruritus
**Birds pull out body feathers
**Birds pull out body feathers
**Mites attack bare or lightly feather areas of the face, beak, cere and body
**Mites attack bare or lightly feather areas of the face, beak, cere and body
**Scaliness at the base of the beak is the first sign which then spreads
**Scaliness at the base of the beak is the first sign which then spreads
**Little pruritis
**Little pruritus
===''Trixacarus''===
===''Trixacarus''===
*Similar to ''Sarcoptes'' but half the size
*Similar to ''Sarcoptes'' but half the size
*Causes severe pruritis in labaratory rodents
*Causes severe pruritus in laboratory rodents
*Burrowing activity causes biting, scratching and irritation
*Burrowing activity causes biting, scratching and irritation
**Leads to inflammation, pruritis and alopecia
**Leads to inflammation, pruritus and alopecia
*Affected areas show acanthosis and hyperkeratosis
*Affected areas show acanthosis and hyperkeratosis
*Death can occur within 3-4 months of infection
*Death can occur within 3-4 months of infection
*Transmission is due to close contact between between mother and offspring
*Transmission is due to close contact between mother and offspring
===''Demodex''===
===''Demodex''===
*''Demodex'' spp. found on all domestic mammals and on humans
*''Demodex'' spp. found on all domestic mammals and in humans
**Each host has its own species
**Each host has its own species
**Dry reaction
**Dry reaction
**Alopecia, desquamation and skin thickening
**Alopecia, desquamation and skin thickening
**Absent to mild pruritis
**Absent to mild pruritus
*Follicular/pustular demodecosis
*Follicular/pustular demodecosis
**More serious
**More serious
**Skin invasion by ''Staphylocci''
**Skin invasion by ''Staphylococci''
**Skin becomes wrinkled, thickened and contains pustules whish ooze serum, blood or pus
**Skin becomes wrinkled, thickened and contains pustules which ooze serum, blood or pus
**Affected animals may be seriously disfigured
**Affected animals may be seriously disfigured
**Severe pruritis is associated with secondary infection
**Severe pruritus is associated with secondary infection
*Immune factors are important in determining the severity and occurence of demodecosis
*Immune factors are important in determining the severity and occurrence of demodecosis
**Familial susceptibility
**Familial susceptibility
**Immunosuppression
**Immunosuppression
**Immunosuppressants
**Immunosuppressant therapy
'''Cats'''
'''Cats'''
'''Diagnosis'''
'''Diagnosis'''
*Liquid parafin applied to a skin fold
*Liquid paraffin applied to a skin fold
*Deep skin scraping
*Deep skin scraping
'''Control'''
'''Control'''
*Not easily accesible to acaricides due to their deep location in the skin
*Not easily accessible to acaricides due to their deep location in the skin
*Repeat treatments needed
*Repeat treatments needed