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| *Cause diseases in humans, dogs and wild animals | | *Cause diseases in humans, dogs and wild animals |
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− | *Present in southern Europe, Africa, Asia and South America | + | *Present in southern Europe, Africa, Asia and south America |
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| *Can cause both cutaneous and visceral diseases | | *Can cause both cutaneous and visceral diseases |
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| *Possesses a rod-shaped kinetoplast | | *Possesses a rod-shaped kinetoplast |
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− | *Has a rudimentry flagellum which does not project beyond the cell margin | + | *Has a rudimentary flagellum which does not project beyond the cell margin |
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| *After the amastigote has transformed into a promastigote inside the [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]], the kinetoplast is situated in the posterior of the body | | *After the amastigote has transformed into a promastigote inside the [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]], the kinetoplast is situated in the posterior of the body |
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| **''Lutzomyia'' spp. in the New World | | **''Lutzomyia'' spp. in the New World |
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− | *The amastigote (morphological form) in found in vertebrate [[Macrophage|macrophages]] | + | *The amastigote (morphological form) is found in vertebrate [[Macrophage|macrophages]] |
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| *Ingested by [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] during feeding | | *Ingested by [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] during feeding |
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| *Multiplies and migrates to [[Insecta|insect]] proboscis | | *Multiplies and migrates to [[Insecta|insect]] proboscis |
− | **Innoculated during feeding | + | **Inoculated during feeding |
| **Can be transmitted percutaneously if [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] crushed on skin | | **Can be transmitted percutaneously if [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] crushed on skin |
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| **Produces foci of proliferating ''Leishmania''-infected [[Macrophage|macrophages]] in skin ('''cutaneous''') or internal organs ('''visceral''') | | **Produces foci of proliferating ''Leishmania''-infected [[Macrophage|macrophages]] in skin ('''cutaneous''') or internal organs ('''visceral''') |
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− | *Very long incubation periods | + | *Very long incubation period |
| **Months to years | | **Months to years |
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| **Generalised lymphadenopathy | | **Generalised lymphadenopathy |
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− | *Long periods of remission followed by the onset of clincial signs are not uncommon in infections | + | *Long periods of remission followed by recurrence of clinical signs is not uncommon in infections |
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| *Involved in [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Protozoa|skin infections]] | | *Involved in [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Protozoa|skin infections]] |
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| *Mechanisms of transmission | | *Mechanisms of transmission |
− | **Direct contact
| |
| **[[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] bite | | **[[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] bite |
| + | **Rarely through direct contact |
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| *Leishmaniasis in British dogs | | *Leishmaniasis in British dogs |
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| *Demonstrate ''Leishmania'' organisms | | *Demonstrate ''Leishmania'' organisms |
| **In skin scraping or smears | | **In skin scraping or smears |
− | **In [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph node]] or [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]] biopsies | + | **In joint fluid, [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph node]] or [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]] biopsies |
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| '''Treatment and Control''' | | '''Treatment and Control''' |
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| *Destruction of infected and stray dogs | | *Destruction of infected and stray dogs |
− | **[[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|Sand flies]] biting infected dogs may spread the disease to to other dogs, humans and wildlife | + | **[[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|Sand flies]] biting infected dogs may spread the disease to other dogs, humans and wildlife |
| **There is a slight possibility of transmission to humans by direct contact | | **There is a slight possibility of transmission to humans by direct contact |
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| *Causes sleeping sickness in humans | | *Causes sleeping sickness in humans |
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− | *Particularly affect sub-Saharan Africa | + | *Particularly seen in sub-Saharan Africa |
− | **Affect cattle production | + | **Affects cattle production |
− | **Cause Nagana (depression) | + | **Causes Nagana (Wasting disease) |
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− | *Divided into two groups depending on the mode of development of the insect vector | + | *Divided into two groups depending on the mode of development in the insect vector |
| **'''Salivarian''' | | **'''Salivarian''' |
| ***Multiply in the foregut and proboscis | | ***Multiply in the foregut and proboscis |
− | ***Transmitted via innoculation via feeding | + | ***Transmitted via inoculation during feeding |
| ***Transmitted by [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|''Tsetse'' flies]] | | ***Transmitted by [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|''Tsetse'' flies]] |
| ***Also known as '''anterior station development''' | | ***Also known as '''anterior station development''' |
| **'''Stercorarian''' | | **'''Stercorarian''' |
| ***Multiply in the hindgut | | ***Multiply in the hindgut |
− | ***Infective forms migrate to the [[Rectum - Anatomy & Physiology|rectum]] | + | ***Infective form migrates to the [[Rectum - Anatomy & Physiology|rectum]] |
| ***Transmitted via contamination of wounds with insect faeces | | ***Transmitted via contamination of wounds with insect faeces |
| ***Also known as '''posterior station development''' | | ***Also known as '''posterior station development''' |
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| *All ''Trypansomes'' except for ''T. equiperdum'' have arthropod vectors | | *All ''Trypansomes'' except for ''T. equiperdum'' have arthropod vectors |
− | **''T. equiperdum'' is a venerally transmitted disease | + | **''T. equiperdum'' is a venereally transmitted disease |
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| *'''Non-cyclical''' transmission can also occur | | *'''Non-cyclical''' transmission can also occur |
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| *Salivarian trypanosomes are transmitted by [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|Tsetse flies]] | | *Salivarian trypanosomes are transmitted by [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|Tsetse flies]] |
− | **Trypanosomes pass foward to the salivary glands where they transform into the infective stage | + | **Trypanosomes pass forward to the salivary glands where they transform into the infective stage |
− | **Innoculated with saliva when [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|Tsetse fly]] next feeds on a host | + | **Inoculated with saliva when [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|Tsetse fly]] next feeds on a host |
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| *Stercorarian trypanosomes are transmitted by triatomid bugs, [[Biting Flies#Tabanidae|tabanids]] and [[Biting Flies#Melophagus spp.|keds]] | | *Stercorarian trypanosomes are transmitted by triatomid bugs, [[Biting Flies#Tabanidae|tabanids]] and [[Biting Flies#Melophagus spp.|keds]] |
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| ***Occurs in South America | | ***Occurs in South America |
| ***Infects armadillos, possums and humans | | ***Infects armadillos, possums and humans |
− | ***Causes Chagas Disease | + | ***Causes Chagas' Disease |
| **Transmitted by a triatomid (kissing) bug | | **Transmitted by a triatomid (kissing) bug |
| **Chronic infections are often fatal causing heart failure | | **Chronic infections are often fatal causing heart failure |
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| **Progressive loss of body condition | | **Progressive loss of body condition |
| **Fever and appetite loss occur during parasite peaks | | **Fever and appetite loss occur during parasite peaks |
− | **Chronic disease which usually terminates in death of the animal if untreated | + | **Chronic disease usually terminates in death of the animal if untreated |
| **Can cause abortion, infertility and decreased growth in herds | | **Can cause abortion, infertility and decreased growth in herds |
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| *In dogs and cats: | | *In dogs and cats: |
| **''T. brucei'' and ''T. congolese'' | | **''T. brucei'' and ''T. congolese'' |
− | **Actute infections | + | **Acute infections |
| **Fever, anaemia, myocarditis, corneal opacity | | **Fever, anaemia, myocarditis, corneal opacity |
| **Occasionally neurological signs present, such as increased aggression, ataxia and convulsions | | **Occasionally neurological signs present, such as increased aggression, ataxia and convulsions |
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| *Host response | | *Host response |
− | **Trypanotolerant wild animals remain parasitaemic for prolpnged periods without showing clincial signs of disease | + | **Trypanotolerant wild animals remain parasitaemic for prolonged periods without showing clinical signs of disease |
| ***Cause lasting reservoirs of infection | | ***Cause lasting reservoirs of infection |
| **Most domestic livestock are susceptible to trypanosomosis | | **Most domestic livestock are susceptible to trypanosomosis |
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| *Prophylactic drug treatment | | *Prophylactic drug treatment |
− | **Change drug group periodically to decrease the chances of resistance occuring | + | **Change drug group periodically to decrease the chances of resistance occurring |
| **May lead to protective immunity but livestock will still be susceptible to heterologous challenges | | **May lead to protective immunity but livestock will still be susceptible to heterologous challenges |
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| **''T. evansi'' in Asia | | **''T. evansi'' in Asia |
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− | *Venerally transmitted | + | *Venereally transmitted |
| **E.g. Dourine | | **E.g. Dourine |
| ***Transmitted by ''T. equiperdum'' | | ***Transmitted by ''T. equiperdum'' |
− | ***Causes genital and abdominal oedema, emaciataion and CNS signs | + | ***Causes genital and abdominal oedema, emaciation and CNS signs |
| ***Affects horses and donkeys in Africa, Asia, Central and South America | | ***Affects horses and donkeys in Africa, Asia, Central and South America |
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