30 bytes added ,  11:41, 7 January 2009
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*Cause diseases in humans, dogs and wild animals
 
*Cause diseases in humans, dogs and wild animals
   −
*Present in southern Europe, Africa, Asia and South America
+
*Present in southern Europe, Africa, Asia and south America
    
*Can cause both cutaneous and visceral diseases
 
*Can cause both cutaneous and visceral diseases
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*Possesses a rod-shaped kinetoplast
 
*Possesses a rod-shaped kinetoplast
   −
*Has a rudimentry flagellum which does not project beyond the cell margin
+
*Has a rudimentary flagellum which does not project beyond the cell margin
    
*After the amastigote has transformed into a promastigote inside the [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]], the kinetoplast is situated in the posterior of the body
 
*After the amastigote has transformed into a promastigote inside the [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]], the kinetoplast is situated in the posterior of the body
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**''Lutzomyia'' spp. in the New World
 
**''Lutzomyia'' spp. in the New World
   −
*The amastigote (morphological form) in found in vertebrate [[Macrophage|macrophages]]
+
*The amastigote (morphological form) is found in vertebrate [[Macrophage|macrophages]]
    
*Ingested by [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] during feeding
 
*Ingested by [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] during feeding
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*Multiplies and migrates to [[Insecta|insect]] proboscis
 
*Multiplies and migrates to [[Insecta|insect]] proboscis
**Innoculated during feeding  
+
**Inoculated during feeding  
 
**Can be transmitted percutaneously if [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] crushed on skin
 
**Can be transmitted percutaneously if [[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] crushed on skin
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**Produces foci of proliferating ''Leishmania''-infected [[Macrophage|macrophages]] in skin ('''cutaneous''') or internal organs ('''visceral''')
 
**Produces foci of proliferating ''Leishmania''-infected [[Macrophage|macrophages]] in skin ('''cutaneous''') or internal organs ('''visceral''')
   −
*Very long incubation periods
+
*Very long incubation period
 
**Months to years
 
**Months to years
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**Generalised lymphadenopathy
 
**Generalised lymphadenopathy
   −
*Long periods of remission followed by the onset of clincial signs are not uncommon in infections
+
*Long periods of remission followed by recurrence of clinical signs is not uncommon in infections
    
*Involved in [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Protozoa|skin infections]]
 
*Involved in [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Protozoa|skin infections]]
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*Mechanisms of transmission
 
*Mechanisms of transmission
**Direct contact
   
**[[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] bite
 
**[[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|sand fly]] bite
 +
**Rarely through direct contact
    
*Leishmaniasis in British dogs
 
*Leishmaniasis in British dogs
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*Demonstrate ''Leishmania'' organisms  
 
*Demonstrate ''Leishmania'' organisms  
 
**In skin scraping or smears
 
**In skin scraping or smears
**In [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph node]] or [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]] biopsies
+
**In joint fluid, [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph node]] or [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]] biopsies
    
'''Treatment and Control'''
 
'''Treatment and Control'''
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*Destruction of infected and stray dogs
 
*Destruction of infected and stray dogs
**[[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|Sand flies]] biting infected dogs may spread the disease to to other dogs, humans and wildlife
+
**[[Biting Flies#Psychodidae|Sand flies]] biting infected dogs may spread the disease to other dogs, humans and wildlife
 
**There is a slight possibility of transmission to humans by direct contact
 
**There is a slight possibility of transmission to humans by direct contact
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*Causes sleeping sickness in humans
 
*Causes sleeping sickness in humans
   −
*Particularly affect sub-Saharan Africa
+
*Particularly seen in sub-Saharan Africa
**Affect cattle production
+
**Affects cattle production
**Cause Nagana (depression)
+
**Causes Nagana (Wasting disease)
   −
*Divided into two groups depending on the mode of development of the insect vector
+
*Divided into two groups depending on the mode of development in the insect vector
 
**'''Salivarian'''
 
**'''Salivarian'''
 
***Multiply in the foregut and proboscis
 
***Multiply in the foregut and proboscis
***Transmitted via innoculation via feeding  
+
***Transmitted via inoculation during feeding  
 
***Transmitted by [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|''Tsetse'' flies]]
 
***Transmitted by [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|''Tsetse'' flies]]
 
***Also known as '''anterior station development'''
 
***Also known as '''anterior station development'''
 
**'''Stercorarian'''
 
**'''Stercorarian'''
 
***Multiply in the hindgut
 
***Multiply in the hindgut
***Infective forms migrate to the [[Rectum - Anatomy & Physiology|rectum]]
+
***Infective form migrates to the [[Rectum - Anatomy & Physiology|rectum]]
 
***Transmitted via contamination of wounds with insect faeces
 
***Transmitted via contamination of wounds with insect faeces
 
***Also known as '''posterior station development'''
 
***Also known as '''posterior station development'''
    
*All ''Trypansomes'' except for ''T. equiperdum'' have arthropod vectors
 
*All ''Trypansomes'' except for ''T. equiperdum'' have arthropod vectors
**''T. equiperdum'' is a venerally transmitted disease
+
**''T. equiperdum'' is a venereally transmitted disease
    
*'''Non-cyclical''' transmission can also occur
 
*'''Non-cyclical''' transmission can also occur
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*Salivarian trypanosomes are transmitted by [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|Tsetse flies]]
 
*Salivarian trypanosomes are transmitted by [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|Tsetse flies]]
**Trypanosomes pass foward to the salivary glands where they transform into the infective stage
+
**Trypanosomes pass forward to the salivary glands where they transform into the infective stage
**Innoculated with saliva when [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|Tsetse fly]] next feeds on a host
+
**Inoculated with saliva when [[Biting Flies#Glossinidae|Tsetse fly]] next feeds on a host
    
*Stercorarian trypanosomes are transmitted by triatomid bugs, [[Biting Flies#Tabanidae|tabanids]] and [[Biting Flies#Melophagus spp.|keds]]
 
*Stercorarian trypanosomes are transmitted by triatomid bugs, [[Biting Flies#Tabanidae|tabanids]] and [[Biting Flies#Melophagus spp.|keds]]
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***Occurs in South America
 
***Occurs in South America
 
***Infects armadillos, possums and humans
 
***Infects armadillos, possums and humans
***Causes Chagas Disease
+
***Causes Chagas' Disease
 
**Transmitted by a triatomid (kissing) bug
 
**Transmitted by a triatomid (kissing) bug
 
**Chronic infections are often fatal causing heart failure
 
**Chronic infections are often fatal causing heart failure
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**Progressive loss of body condition
 
**Progressive loss of body condition
 
**Fever and appetite loss occur during parasite peaks
 
**Fever and appetite loss occur during parasite peaks
**Chronic disease which usually terminates in death of the animal if untreated
+
**Chronic disease usually terminates in death of the animal if untreated
 
**Can cause abortion, infertility and decreased growth in herds
 
**Can cause abortion, infertility and decreased growth in herds
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*In dogs and cats:
 
*In dogs and cats:
 
**''T. brucei'' and ''T. congolese''
 
**''T. brucei'' and ''T. congolese''
**Actute infections
+
**Acute infections
 
**Fever, anaemia, myocarditis, corneal opacity
 
**Fever, anaemia, myocarditis, corneal opacity
 
**Occasionally neurological signs present, such as increased aggression, ataxia and convulsions
 
**Occasionally neurological signs present, such as increased aggression, ataxia and convulsions
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*Host response
 
*Host response
**Trypanotolerant wild animals remain parasitaemic for prolpnged periods without showing clincial signs of disease
+
**Trypanotolerant wild animals remain parasitaemic for prolonged periods without showing clinical signs of disease
 
***Cause lasting reservoirs of infection
 
***Cause lasting reservoirs of infection
 
**Most domestic livestock are susceptible to trypanosomosis
 
**Most domestic livestock are susceptible to trypanosomosis
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*Prophylactic drug treatment
 
*Prophylactic drug treatment
**Change drug group periodically to decrease the chances of resistance occuring
+
**Change drug group periodically to decrease the chances of resistance occurring
 
**May lead to protective immunity but livestock will still be susceptible to heterologous challenges
 
**May lead to protective immunity but livestock will still be susceptible to heterologous challenges
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**''T. evansi'' in Asia
 
**''T. evansi'' in Asia
   −
*Venerally transmitted
+
*Venereally transmitted
 
**E.g. Dourine
 
**E.g. Dourine
 
***Transmitted by ''T. equiperdum''
 
***Transmitted by ''T. equiperdum''
***Causes genital and abdominal oedema, emaciataion and CNS signs
+
***Causes genital and abdominal oedema, emaciation and CNS signs
 
***Affects horses and donkeys in Africa, Asia, Central and South America
 
***Affects horses and donkeys in Africa, Asia, Central and South America
  
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