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*Similar to [[Myiasis Flies - WikiBlood#Calliphoridae|''Calliphora'']] in appearance
 
*Similar to [[Myiasis Flies - WikiBlood#Calliphoridae|''Calliphora'']] in appearance
**Blue/black
+
**Blue-black
**Yellow/orange head and legs
+
**Yellow-orange head and legs
    
*Larvae are distinctive as they taper towards the posterior end
 
*Larvae are distinctive as they taper towards the posterior end
   −
'''Life Cycle'''
+
 
*Eggs laid on blood sucking flies
+
'''Life cycle'''
**E.g. On mosquitos, which hatch when the mosquito next lands on a warm blooded animal
+
*Eggs laid on blood sucking flies such as mosquitoes
 +
**These hatch when the mosquito next lands on a warm blooded animal
    
*Larvae penetrate skin causing painful swellings
 
*Larvae penetrate skin causing painful swellings
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*Larvae emerge after 35-42 days and fall to ground to pupate
 
*Larvae emerge after 35-42 days and fall to ground to pupate
   −
*4 month life cycle
+
*'''4 month''' life cycle
 +
 
    
'''Pathogenesis'''
 
'''Pathogenesis'''
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*Wounds caused by exiting larvae can increase the prevalence of attack by other myiasis flies
 
*Wounds caused by exiting larvae can increase the prevalence of attack by other myiasis flies
 +
    
==Calliphoridae==
 
==Calliphoridae==
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*The damage the larvae cause to the animal is known as '''strike'''
 
*The damage the larvae cause to the animal is known as '''strike'''
   −
*Worldwide
+
*Worldwide distribution
    
*Affects sheep mostly
 
*Affects sheep mostly
 
**Rabbits can also be affected
 
**Rabbits can also be affected
   −
'''Species of Veterinary importance'''
  −
*''Lucilia serrata''
  −
**Greenbottles
     −
*''Phormia terra-novae''
+
'''Species of veterinary importance in the Europe'''
**Blackbottle
+
*''Lucilia sericata''; Greenbottle
 +
 
 +
*''Phormia terra-novae''; Blackbottle
 +
 
 +
*''Calliphora erythrocephala''; Bluebottle
 +
 
 +
*''Callipohora vomitoria''; Bluebottle
   −
*''Calliphora erythrocephala''
  −
**Bluebottle
     −
*''Callipohora vomitoria''
+
'''Species of veterinary importance in the Tropics'''  
**Bluebottle
+
*''Lucilia cuprina''; South Africa and Australia
   −
*''Lucilia cuprina''
+
*''Chrysomya spp.''; Africa, Asia and Australia
**South Africa, Australia
     −
*''Chrysomya'' spp.
+
*''Wohlfahrtia''; Fleshfly
**Africa, Asia, Australia
     −
*''Wohlfahrtia''
  −
**Fleshfly
      
'''Recognition of Adults'''
 
'''Recognition of Adults'''
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*Clear wings
 
*Clear wings
 +
    
'''Recognition of Larvae'''
 
'''Recognition of Larvae'''
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*Spiracles and stigmatic plates on the tail can be used for species differentiation
 
*Spiracles and stigmatic plates on the tail can be used for species differentiation
   −
'''Life Cycle'''
+
 
 +
'''Life cycle'''
 
*Eggs laid in wounds, soiled fleece and on carrion
 
*Eggs laid in wounds, soiled fleece and on carrion
 
**Females attracted by the odour emitted
 
**Females attracted by the odour emitted
**Clusters of yellow/cream eggs laid
+
**Clusters of yellow-cream eggs laid
    
*Larvae hatch 24 hours later and crawl down onto the skin
 
*Larvae hatch 24 hours later and crawl down onto the skin
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**Process takes 1-2 weeks
 
**Process takes 1-2 weeks
   −
*Larvae falls to the ground to pupate
+
*Larvae fall to the ground to pupate
   −
*Adult emerges in under a week (during summer)
+
*Adult emerges in under 1 week (during summer)
    
*The female reaches sexual maturity after a protein meal
 
*The female reaches sexual maturity after a protein meal
 
**Lays eggs in batches of 100-200
 
**Lays eggs in batches of 100-200
   −
*Adult flies survive for one month
+
*Adult flies survive for 1 month
   −
*Between May and September four generations can develop
+
*'''Between May and September four generations can develop'''
 
**In warmer climates, up to 9 or 10 generations can develop per year
 
**In warmer climates, up to 9 or 10 generations can develop per year
    
*Flies can survive the winter as pupae and emerge the next spring
 
*Flies can survive the winter as pupae and emerge the next spring
 +
    
'''Epidemiology'''
 
'''Epidemiology'''
*Divided into categories depending on their ability to initiate strike
+
Blowflies are divided into categories depending on their ability to initiate strike
**Primary flies are capable of initiating a strike on living sheep so larvae can penetrate intact skin
+
*Primary flies are capable of initiating a strike on living sheep. Larvae can penetrate intact skin
***E.g. ''Lucilia'', ''Phormia'' and ''Calliphora''
+
**''Lucilia''
**Secondary flies cannot initiate a strike, larvae attack an area already struck or damaged, extending it
+
**''Phormia''  
***E.g. ''Calliphora'' and ''Chrysoma'' (in warmer climates)
+
**''Calliphora spp.''
**Tertiary flies attack lesions on carcasses which have become dry
+
 
***E.g. ''Musca'' and ''Sarcophaga'' spp.
+
*Secondary flies cannot initiate a strike. Larvae attack an area already struck or damaged, extending it
 +
**''Calliphora spp.''  
 +
**''Chrysomya spp.'' (in warmer climates)
 +
 
 +
*Tertiary flies attack lesions on carcasses which have become dry
 +
**''Musca''
 +
**''Sarcophaga spp.''
   −
*Temperature will affect the prevalence of strike
+
Predisposing factors to flystrike
 +
*Temperature  
 
**Temperature in the spring will determine when the overwintering larvae hatch
 
**Temperature in the spring will determine when the overwintering larvae hatch
 
**High temperature and humidity will create a microclimate in the fleece, attracting adult flies to lay eggs
 
**High temperature and humidity will create a microclimate in the fleece, attracting adult flies to lay eggs
   −
*Persistent rainfall will make the fleece microclimate attractive to adult flies
+
*Rainfall
**Females lay eggs after the rain ceases
+
**Persistent rainfall will make the fleece microclimate attractive to adult flies. Females lay eggs after the rain ceases
 
**Breeds with long, fine wool are the most susceptible
 
**Breeds with long, fine wool are the most susceptible
   −
*Host susceptibility is increased when putrefactive odours develop on the fleece due to bacterial decomposition of organic matter
+
*Host susceptibility  
 +
**This is increased when putrefactive odours develop on the fleece due to bacterial decomposition of organic matter following soiling with urine or faeces
 
**Merino sheep have a narrow breech area with excessive wrinkling making them more susceptible to soiling
 
**Merino sheep have a narrow breech area with excessive wrinkling making them more susceptible to soiling
 
**A narrow opening of the penile sheath in rams and wethers may result in accumulation of urine and increase blowfly strike in this area
 
**A narrow opening of the penile sheath in rams and wethers may result in accumulation of urine and increase blowfly strike in this area
 
**Cuts during shearing, fighting and barbed wire will also increase the incidence of blowfly strike
 
**Cuts during shearing, fighting and barbed wire will also increase the incidence of blowfly strike
 +
 +
Blowfly season
 +
*Temperate regions in '''June to September'''
 +
**Mostly in unshorn sheep in June
 +
**Lambs from July to September
 +
 +
*Warmer regions have a more prolonged season due to greater number of blowfly generations
 +
    
'''Pathogenesis'''
 
'''Pathogenesis'''
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*Risk of strike is highest in warm, moist weather
 
*Risk of strike is highest in warm, moist weather
   −
'''Clinical Signs'''
+
 
*Anorexia, listlessness, animals standing apart from flock
+
'''Clinical signs'''
 +
*Anorexia
 +
*Listlessness
 +
*Animals standing apart from flock
    
*Fleece may appear darker, be damp and have a foul smell
 
*Fleece may appear darker, be damp and have a foul smell
   −
*Strike is classified according to where the body is affected
      
'''Control'''
 
'''Control'''
 
*Prophylactic [[Ectoparasiticides|insecticide]] treatment
 
*Prophylactic [[Ectoparasiticides|insecticide]] treatment
 
**Must kill larvae and remain in fleece to prevent flies from laying eggs
 
**Must kill larvae and remain in fleece to prevent flies from laying eggs
**Spraying, dipping, spray race or jetting
+
**Applied by spraying, dipping, spray race or jetting
    
*Insect growth regulators
 
*Insect growth regulators
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**To minimise diarrhoea and therefore soiled fleece
 
**To minimise diarrhoea and therefore soiled fleece
   −
*Crutching
+
*Crutching to prevent soiling
    
*'Mule's operation'
 
*'Mule's operation'
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*Vaccination
 
*Vaccination
 +
**Experimental use against ''Luculia cuprina'' in Australia
 +
    
===Screw Worm Myiasis===
 
===Screw Worm Myiasis===
292

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