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| *Similar to [[Myiasis Flies - WikiBlood#Calliphoridae|''Calliphora'']] in appearance | | *Similar to [[Myiasis Flies - WikiBlood#Calliphoridae|''Calliphora'']] in appearance |
− | **Blue/black | + | **Blue-black |
− | **Yellow/orange head and legs | + | **Yellow-orange head and legs |
| | | |
| *Larvae are distinctive as they taper towards the posterior end | | *Larvae are distinctive as they taper towards the posterior end |
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− | '''Life Cycle''' | + | |
− | *Eggs laid on blood sucking flies | + | '''Life cycle''' |
− | **E.g. On mosquitos, which hatch when the mosquito next lands on a warm blooded animal | + | *Eggs laid on blood sucking flies such as mosquitoes |
| + | **These hatch when the mosquito next lands on a warm blooded animal |
| | | |
| *Larvae penetrate skin causing painful swellings | | *Larvae penetrate skin causing painful swellings |
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| *Larvae emerge after 35-42 days and fall to ground to pupate | | *Larvae emerge after 35-42 days and fall to ground to pupate |
| | | |
− | *4 month life cycle | + | *'''4 month''' life cycle |
| + | |
| | | |
| '''Pathogenesis''' | | '''Pathogenesis''' |
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| *Wounds caused by exiting larvae can increase the prevalence of attack by other myiasis flies | | *Wounds caused by exiting larvae can increase the prevalence of attack by other myiasis flies |
| + | |
| | | |
| ==Calliphoridae== | | ==Calliphoridae== |
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| *The damage the larvae cause to the animal is known as '''strike''' | | *The damage the larvae cause to the animal is known as '''strike''' |
| | | |
− | *Worldwide | + | *Worldwide distribution |
| | | |
| *Affects sheep mostly | | *Affects sheep mostly |
| **Rabbits can also be affected | | **Rabbits can also be affected |
| | | |
− | '''Species of Veterinary importance'''
| |
− | *''Lucilia serrata''
| |
− | **Greenbottles
| |
| | | |
− | *''Phormia terra-novae'' | + | '''Species of veterinary importance in the Europe''' |
− | **Blackbottle | + | *''Lucilia sericata''; Greenbottle |
| + | |
| + | *''Phormia terra-novae''; Blackbottle |
| + | |
| + | *''Calliphora erythrocephala''; Bluebottle |
| + | |
| + | *''Callipohora vomitoria''; Bluebottle |
| | | |
− | *''Calliphora erythrocephala''
| |
− | **Bluebottle
| |
| | | |
− | *''Callipohora vomitoria''
| + | '''Species of veterinary importance in the Tropics''' |
− | **Bluebottle | + | *''Lucilia cuprina''; South Africa and Australia |
| | | |
− | *''Lucilia cuprina'' | + | *''Chrysomya spp.''; Africa, Asia and Australia |
− | **South Africa, Australia
| |
| | | |
− | *''Chrysomya'' spp. | + | *''Wohlfahrtia''; Fleshfly |
− | **Africa, Asia, Australia
| |
| | | |
− | *''Wohlfahrtia''
| |
− | **Fleshfly
| |
| | | |
| '''Recognition of Adults''' | | '''Recognition of Adults''' |
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| *Clear wings | | *Clear wings |
| + | |
| | | |
| '''Recognition of Larvae''' | | '''Recognition of Larvae''' |
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| *Spiracles and stigmatic plates on the tail can be used for species differentiation | | *Spiracles and stigmatic plates on the tail can be used for species differentiation |
| | | |
− | '''Life Cycle''' | + | |
| + | '''Life cycle''' |
| *Eggs laid in wounds, soiled fleece and on carrion | | *Eggs laid in wounds, soiled fleece and on carrion |
| **Females attracted by the odour emitted | | **Females attracted by the odour emitted |
− | **Clusters of yellow/cream eggs laid | + | **Clusters of yellow-cream eggs laid |
| | | |
| *Larvae hatch 24 hours later and crawl down onto the skin | | *Larvae hatch 24 hours later and crawl down onto the skin |
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| **Process takes 1-2 weeks | | **Process takes 1-2 weeks |
| | | |
− | *Larvae falls to the ground to pupate | + | *Larvae fall to the ground to pupate |
| | | |
− | *Adult emerges in under a week (during summer) | + | *Adult emerges in under 1 week (during summer) |
| | | |
| *The female reaches sexual maturity after a protein meal | | *The female reaches sexual maturity after a protein meal |
| **Lays eggs in batches of 100-200 | | **Lays eggs in batches of 100-200 |
| | | |
− | *Adult flies survive for one month | + | *Adult flies survive for 1 month |
| | | |
− | *Between May and September four generations can develop | + | *'''Between May and September four generations can develop''' |
| **In warmer climates, up to 9 or 10 generations can develop per year | | **In warmer climates, up to 9 or 10 generations can develop per year |
| | | |
| *Flies can survive the winter as pupae and emerge the next spring | | *Flies can survive the winter as pupae and emerge the next spring |
| + | |
| | | |
| '''Epidemiology''' | | '''Epidemiology''' |
− | *Divided into categories depending on their ability to initiate strike
| + | Blowflies are divided into categories depending on their ability to initiate strike |
− | **Primary flies are capable of initiating a strike on living sheep so larvae can penetrate intact skin
| + | *Primary flies are capable of initiating a strike on living sheep. Larvae can penetrate intact skin |
− | ***E.g. ''Lucilia'', ''Phormia'' and ''Calliphora'' | + | **''Lucilia'' |
− | **Secondary flies cannot initiate a strike, larvae attack an area already struck or damaged, extending it
| + | **''Phormia'' |
− | ***E.g. ''Calliphora'' and ''Chrysoma'' (in warmer climates) | + | **''Calliphora spp.'' |
− | **Tertiary flies attack lesions on carcasses which have become dry
| + | |
− | ***E.g. ''Musca'' and ''Sarcophaga'' spp. | + | *Secondary flies cannot initiate a strike. Larvae attack an area already struck or damaged, extending it |
| + | **''Calliphora spp.'' |
| + | **''Chrysomya spp.'' (in warmer climates) |
| + | |
| + | *Tertiary flies attack lesions on carcasses which have become dry |
| + | **''Musca'' |
| + | **''Sarcophaga spp.'' |
| | | |
− | *Temperature will affect the prevalence of strike | + | Predisposing factors to flystrike |
| + | *Temperature |
| **Temperature in the spring will determine when the overwintering larvae hatch | | **Temperature in the spring will determine when the overwintering larvae hatch |
| **High temperature and humidity will create a microclimate in the fleece, attracting adult flies to lay eggs | | **High temperature and humidity will create a microclimate in the fleece, attracting adult flies to lay eggs |
| | | |
− | *Persistent rainfall will make the fleece microclimate attractive to adult flies | + | *Rainfall |
− | **Females lay eggs after the rain ceases
| + | **Persistent rainfall will make the fleece microclimate attractive to adult flies. Females lay eggs after the rain ceases |
| **Breeds with long, fine wool are the most susceptible | | **Breeds with long, fine wool are the most susceptible |
| | | |
− | *Host susceptibility is increased when putrefactive odours develop on the fleece due to bacterial decomposition of organic matter | + | *Host susceptibility |
| + | **This is increased when putrefactive odours develop on the fleece due to bacterial decomposition of organic matter following soiling with urine or faeces |
| **Merino sheep have a narrow breech area with excessive wrinkling making them more susceptible to soiling | | **Merino sheep have a narrow breech area with excessive wrinkling making them more susceptible to soiling |
| **A narrow opening of the penile sheath in rams and wethers may result in accumulation of urine and increase blowfly strike in this area | | **A narrow opening of the penile sheath in rams and wethers may result in accumulation of urine and increase blowfly strike in this area |
| **Cuts during shearing, fighting and barbed wire will also increase the incidence of blowfly strike | | **Cuts during shearing, fighting and barbed wire will also increase the incidence of blowfly strike |
| + | |
| + | Blowfly season |
| + | *Temperate regions in '''June to September''' |
| + | **Mostly in unshorn sheep in June |
| + | **Lambs from July to September |
| + | |
| + | *Warmer regions have a more prolonged season due to greater number of blowfly generations |
| + | |
| | | |
| '''Pathogenesis''' | | '''Pathogenesis''' |
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| *Risk of strike is highest in warm, moist weather | | *Risk of strike is highest in warm, moist weather |
| | | |
− | '''Clinical Signs''' | + | |
− | *Anorexia, listlessness, animals standing apart from flock | + | '''Clinical signs''' |
| + | *Anorexia |
| + | *Listlessness |
| + | *Animals standing apart from flock |
| | | |
| *Fleece may appear darker, be damp and have a foul smell | | *Fleece may appear darker, be damp and have a foul smell |
| | | |
− | *Strike is classified according to where the body is affected
| |
| | | |
| '''Control''' | | '''Control''' |
| *Prophylactic [[Ectoparasiticides|insecticide]] treatment | | *Prophylactic [[Ectoparasiticides|insecticide]] treatment |
| **Must kill larvae and remain in fleece to prevent flies from laying eggs | | **Must kill larvae and remain in fleece to prevent flies from laying eggs |
− | **Spraying, dipping, spray race or jetting | + | **Applied by spraying, dipping, spray race or jetting |
| | | |
| *Insect growth regulators | | *Insect growth regulators |
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| **To minimise diarrhoea and therefore soiled fleece | | **To minimise diarrhoea and therefore soiled fleece |
| | | |
− | *Crutching | + | *Crutching to prevent soiling |
| | | |
| *'Mule's operation' | | *'Mule's operation' |
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| *Vaccination | | *Vaccination |
| + | **Experimental use against ''Luculia cuprina'' in Australia |
| + | |
| | | |
| ===Screw Worm Myiasis=== | | ===Screw Worm Myiasis=== |