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→Non-Burrowing Mites
====''Psoroptes ovis''====
====''Psoroptes ovis''====
*Adult females are large mites at 750μm in length
*Adult females are large mites at 750μm in length
**Copulation occurs
**Copulation occurs
*Life cycle last 14 days
*Life cycle last '''14 days'''
*Transmitted by direct contact between sheep
*Transmitted by direct contact between sheep
*Indirect transmission can also occur
*Indirect transmission can also occur
'''Pathogenesis'''
'''Pathogenesis'''
*Causes '''sheep scab'''
*Causes '''sheep scab'''
**Wool loss, restlessness, biting, scratching of infested area and decreased productivity through decreased weight gain
**Wool loss, restlessness, biting, scratching of infested area and decreased productivity through decreased weight gain
**Usually seen in late autumn and early winter (although may also occur in late summer)
**Usually seen in '''late autumn''' and '''early winter''' (although may also occur in late summer)
**Population numbers decline after shearing due to a change in the microclimate, then build up again as the fleece grows
**Population numbers decline after shearing due to a change in the micro-climate, then build up again as the fleece grows
**Notifiable in UK
**'''Notifiable in UK'''
*Mites found under scabs and in skin folds
*Mites found under scabs and in skin folds
*Antigenic material in mite faeces can lead to hypersensitivity reactions
*Antigenic material in mite faeces can lead to hypersensitivity reactions
'''Diagnosis'''
'''Diagnosis'''
*Examine under a microscope
*Examine under a microscope
'''Treatment'''
*Sheep
**Plunge dipping; no less than 1 minute and must dip head at lease once
**Can treat with avermectins or milbemycins by injection
*Cattle, horses and rabbits
**No licensed product for horses in the UK
**Cattle and rabbits can be treated with avermectins, milbemycins or topical acaricides
===''Chorioptes bovis''===
===''Chorioptes bovis''===
*In [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Chorioptic mites|skin infestation]]
*These cause [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Chorioptic mites|parasitic skin infestation]]
*Surface parasite of horses and cattle
*Surface parasite of horses and cattle
**Mouthparts cannot pierce the skin
**Mouthparts cannot pierce the skin
*3 week life cycle
*Life cycle takes '''3 weeks'''
'''Recognition'''
'''Recognition'''
*Females about 300μm in length
*Females about 300μm in length
'''Pathogenesis'''
'''Pathogenesis'''
*Usually found on legs of sheep
*Usually found on legs of sheep
**Mild condition
**Mild condition
===''Otodectes cynotis''===
===''Otodectes cynotis''===
*in [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Otodectic mites|otodectic skin infestation]]
*Causes [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Otodectic mites|otodectic skin infestation]]
*Commonest mange of dogs and cats in the world
*Commonest mange of dogs and cats in the world
*Closed keratinous bars ('''apodemes''') on ventral surface
*Closed keratinous bars ('''apodemes''') on ventral surface
*3 week life cycle
*Life cycle takes '''3 weeks'''
*Feeds on ear debris
*Feeds on ear debris
'''Pathogenesis'''
'''Pathogenesis'''
*Only a few cats show symptoms
*The majority of cats harbour the mites, however only a few show symptoms
**Transmission occurs whilst kittens are suckling
**Transmission occurs whilst kittens are suckling
*Can lead to secondary infection
*Can lead to secondary infection
*Clinical signs apparent
*Clinical signs are apparent
**Head shaking, ear scratching and aural haematomata
**Head shaking
**Ear scratching
**Aural haematomata
'''Treatment'''
'''Treatment'''
**These may be asymptomatic carriers
**These may be asymptomatic carriers
===''Cheyletiella'' sp.===
===''Cheyletiella spp.''===
*Surface mite of cats and dogs
*Surface mite of cats and dogs
*In [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Cheyletiellosis|skin infestation]]
*Also found on humans and rabbits
**''C.yasguri'' (dogs)
**''C.blakei'' (cats and humans)
**''C.parasitivorax'' (rabbits)
*Causes [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Cheyletiellosis|parasitic skin infestation]]
'''Recognition'''
'''Recognition'''
*Combs at ends of legs
*Combs at ends of legs
'''Pathogenesis'''
'''Pathogenesis'''
*Can be transferred to humans
*Can be transferred to humans
'''Diagnosis'''
'''Diagnosis'''
*Clinical signs
*Clinical signs
**E.g. Excess scurf
**Excess scurf
*Brush scurf onto dark paper
*Brush scurf onto dark paper
*Hair pluckings from scaly areas
*Hair pluckings from scaly areas
**Eggs may be present
**Eggs may be present
===''Dermanyssus gallinae''===
===''Dermanyssus gallinae''===
**Adults and nymphs visit poultry at night to feed
**Adults and nymphs visit poultry at night to feed
*1 week life cycle
*Life cycle takes '''1 week'''
*Adults can survive several months without feeding so reservoirs can build up
*Adults can survive several months without feeding so reservoirs can build up
'''Appearance'''
'''Appearance'''
*Hooks on legs
*Hooks on legs
'''Pathogenesis'''
'''Pathogenesis'''
*Newly hatched chicks can rapidly die if infested
*Newly hatched chicks can rapidly die if infested
'''Treatment'''
'''Treatment'''
*Remove wild bird nests
*Remove wild bird nests
===''Ornithonyssus''===
===''Ornithonyssus''===
*Also called the 'Northern mite' or 'Northern feather mite'
*Also called the Northern mite or Northern feather mite
*Closely related to ''Dermanyssus''
*Closely related to ''Dermanyssus''
*Grey or black discolouration of feathers when large numbers of mites are present
*Grey or black discolouration of feathers when large numbers of mites are present
===''Trombicula autumnalis''===
===''Trombicula autumnalis''===
*In [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Trombiculidiasis|skin infestation]]
*Causes [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Trombiculidiasis|parasitic skin infestation]]
*Also called the 'harvest mite'
*Also called the harvest mite
*Not host-specific
*Not host-specific
*Mite numbers are highest in late summer in temperate climates
*Mite numbers are highest in late summer in temperate climates
**Mite numbers are constant all year in tropical regions
**Mite numbers are constant all year in tropical regions
'''Recognition'''
'''Recognition'''
*No spiracles
*No spiracles
**Breath through cuticle
**Breath through cuticle
'''Pathogenesis'''
'''Pathogenesis'''
*Mites found on face and limbs of grazing animals (depending upon host height)
*Mites found on face and limbs of grazing animals (depending upon host height)
'''Control'''
'''Control'''
*Very difficult
*Very difficult; try to restrict access of animals to 'hot-spot' areas
'''Treatment'''
'''Treatment'''
*Fipronil spray applied to affected areas
*Fipronil spray applied to affected areas
===''Leporacarus''===
===''Leporacarus''===
*Known as the 'rabbit fur mite'
*Known as the rabbit fur mite
*Found on rabbits (domestic and wild) and on hares
*Found on rabbits (domestic and wild) and on hares
*May cause dermatitis in humans handling infected animals
*May cause dermatitis in humans handling infected animals
===Forage Mites===
===Forage Mites===
*Pests of stored food products, hay and straw
*Pests of stored food products, hay and straw
*May cause skin reactions and respiratory/intestinal disturbances in animals and humans
*May cause skin reactions, respiratory and intestinal disturbances in animals and humans
*Control relies upon:
*Control relies upon
**Identifying and destroying infected feed and bedding
**Identifying and destroying infected feed and bedding
**Thoroughly cleaning feed storage bins
**Thoroughly cleaning feed storage bins
**Keeping feed storage areas clean and dry
**Keeping feed storage areas clean and dry
===''Varroa destructor''===
===''Varroa destructor''===
[[Image:Varroa Mite .jpg|right|150px|thumb|Kika De La Garza Subtropical Agricultural Research Center Weslaco, Texas, USA (Wikimedia Commons)]]
[[Image:Varroa Mite .jpg|right|150px|thumb|Kika De La Garza Subtropical Agricultural Research Center Weslaco, Texas, USA (Wikimedia Commons)]]
[[Image:Varroa Mite on honeybee pupa.jpg|right|150px|thumb|Kika De La Garza Subtropical Agricultural Research Center Weslaco, Texas, USA (Wikimedia Commons)]]
[[Image:Varroa Mite on honeybee pupa.jpg|right|150px|thumb|Kika De La Garza Subtropical Agricultural Research Center Weslaco, Texas, USA (Wikimedia Commons)]]
*More commonly known as the 'honeybee mite'
*More commonly known as the honeybee mite
*Notifiable disease in the UK
*'''Notifiable disease in the UK'''
*Oval
*Oval
*Eggs are laid in the hive and develop with the brood cells
*Eggs are laid in the hive and develop with the brood cells
'''Pathogenesis'''
'''Pathogenesis'''
*Damages growing larval bees resulting in deformities
*Damages growing larval bees resulting in deformities
'''Control'''
'''Control'''
*Acaricidal strips hung between combs
*Acaricidal strips hung between combs
*Destoy colonies in apiary (if isolated outbreak)
*Destroy colonies in apiary (if isolated outbreak)
*Monitor mite numbers and treat if widespread
*Monitor mite numbers and treat if widespread