Changes

Levels of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and vitamin E (tocopherol) are often found to be low.  

Levels of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and vitamin E (tocopherol) are often found to be low.  

*Tocopherol should be supplemented for 1 month ('''5-25IU/Kg bodyweight orally''')

*Tocopherol should be supplemented for 1 month ('''5-25IU/Kg bodyweight orally''')

*Cobalamin weekly for several weeks ('''100-250µg i.m. or s.c.'''). Long term monitoring should be carried out in cats.                                                                                                                         ===Antibiotic therapy===

*Cobalamin weekly for several weeks ('''100-250µg i.m. or s.c.'''). Long term monitoring should be carried out in cats.    

                                                                                                                    ===Antibiotic therapy===

Dogs with EPI often have Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO). This can be treated with oral oxytetracycline, tylosin or metronidazole.

Dogs with EPI often have Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO). This can be treated with oral oxytetracycline, tylosin or metronidazole.

===Glucocorticoid therapy===

===Glucocorticoid therapy===

This is a last line treatment.

This is a last line treatment.