Line 1: |
Line 1: |
− | {{review}}
| |
− | {{toplink
| |
− | |linkpage =General Pathology
| |
− | |linktext =General Pathology
| |
− | |maplink = General Pathology (Content Map)
| |
− | |pagetype =Pathology
| |
− | }}
| |
− | <br>
| |
− |
| |
| ==Introduction== | | ==Introduction== |
| | | |
Line 31: |
Line 22: |
| ===Chromosomal Defects=== | | ===Chromosomal Defects=== |
| | | |
− | * Although malformations can be caused by chromosomal abnormalitis, these often result in early abortion or resorption. | + | * Although malformations can be caused by [[:Category:Reproductive Disorders|chromosomal abnormalitis]], these often result in early abortion or resorption. |
| | | |
| ===Viral Diseases=== | | ===Viral Diseases=== |
Line 48: |
Line 39: |
| ===Drugs=== | | ===Drugs=== |
| | | |
− | * Griseofulvin | + | * [[Antifungal Drugs#Griseofulvin|Griseofulvin]] |
− | ** Used to treat "ringworm" (dermatophytosis). ( for the treatment of dermatophytosis - 'ringworm' ) | + | ** Used to treat "ringworm" ([[Dermatophytosis|dermatophytosis]]). ( for the treatment of dermatophytosis - 'ringworm' ) |
| ** Can cause serious malformations in kittens if administered to a pregnant queen. | | ** Can cause serious malformations in kittens if administered to a pregnant queen. |
| * Oestrogens and Actinomycin D have also been associated with malformations. | | * Oestrogens and Actinomycin D have also been associated with malformations. |
Line 59: |
Line 50: |
| ===Nutritional Deficiencies=== | | ===Nutritional Deficiencies=== |
| | | |
− | ====Copper Deficiency==== | + | ====[[Copper Deficiency]]==== |
− | | |
− | * Copper deficiency in the pregnant ewe can result in "''swayback'''" in lambs.
| |
− | ** Due to white matter degeneration in the central nervous system of prenatal and neonatal lambs.
| |
− | * The degeneration is thought to be a mixture of both hypomyelination and demyelination.
| |
− | * The central nervous system of the lambs is affected.
| |
− | ** Neonatal lambs show an ataxia in the first few weeks of life.
| |
− | *** Due to demyelination of dorsolateral and ventromedial tracts in the white matter of the spinal cord.
| |
− | ** More severe lesions can be present in lambs affected prenatally.
| |
− | *** Destruction of subcortical white matter in the brain.
| |
− | **** The extent of this varies.
| |
− | * It is unknown how copper deficiency exerts this effect.
| |
− | ** Supplementation in pregnancy prevents the prenatal form.
| |
− | ** Supplementation in the first few weeks will alleviate the neonatal form.
| |
| | | |
| ====Vitamin Deficiencies==== | | ====Vitamin Deficiencies==== |
Line 94: |
Line 72: |
| * The presence of a single central eye as a result of facial deformity. | | * The presence of a single central eye as a result of facial deformity. |
| | | |
− | ===Bulldog Calf=== | + | ===[[Chondrodysplasia|Bulldog Calf]]=== |
| | | |
− | * A well recognised deformation in Dexter calves.
| |
− | * Related to [[Bones Developmental - Pathology#Chondrodysplasia|defective cartilage matrix and abnormal ossification]].
| |
− | * The calf is born with short and crooked limbs and the facial bones are short.
| |
| | | |
− | ===Cleft Palate=== | + | ===[[Cleft Palate]]=== |
| | | |
− | * A very common malformation in many species.
| + | ===[[Cystic Kidney]]=== |
− | * Due to failure of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Palatine Bone (os palatinum)|palatine bones]] to fuse in the midline.
| |
− | * The animal:
| |
− | ** Fails to suckle properly
| |
− | ** Can develop an aspiration pneumonia.
| |
− | * Caused by:
| |
− | ** Administration of griseofulvin to queens during pregnancy.
| |
− | ** Certain viral infections.
| |
− | ** Ingestion of toxic plants.
| |
| | | |
− | ===Cystic Kidney=== | + | ===[[Spina Bifida]]=== |
| | | |
− | * Also known as polycystic kidney.
| + | ===[[Hydrocephalus]]=== |
− | * Can be seen in many different species.
| |
− | * Can have a hereditary basis.
| |
− | * The cysts may be single or multiple.
| |
− | * Results from the failure of development of the tubular system in nephrons.
| |
− | * Severely affected animals may die of renal failure early in life.
| |
− | ** The affected kidney does not have enough functional reserve, and so small infections can have a serious effect on renal function.
| |
| | | |
− | ===Spina Bifida=== | + | ===[[Cerebellar Hypoplasia]]=== |
− | | |
− | * A failure of closure of the vertebral arch.
| |
− | * May result in herniation of the meninges and /or spinal cord.
| |
− | ** There may be a direct communication between those structures and the skin surface.
| |
− | | |
− | ===Hydrocephalus===
| |
− | | |
− | * Not uncommon in dogsand cats.
| |
− | * Abnormal drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results in dilation of the ventricles of the brain.
| |
− | ** Is a result of either stenosis of:
| |
− | *** The aqueduct between the 3rd and 4th ventricle, or
| |
− | *** The foramina further back in the brain stem.
| |
− | ** May also be acquired as a result of compression by tumours or infectious processes.
| |
− | * Dilation of the ventricles with CSF causes pressure atrophy of the overlying brain tissue.
| |
− | * Hydrocephalus can be seen at birth.
| |
− | ** Characterised by a dome shaped skull and open fontanelles.
| |
− | * Hydrocephalus may also be hidden and detected later in life.
| |
− | | |
− | ===Cerebellar Hypoplasia===
| |
− | | |
− | * The cerebellum is smaller than normal and oftenrudimentary.
| |
− | * Microscopy shows a highly disorganised architecture.
| |
− | * The animal shows tremors and ataxia.
| |
− | * Usually associated with viral infections during gestation.
| |
| | | |
| ===Skeletal Malformations=== | | ===Skeletal Malformations=== |
Line 160: |
Line 97: |
| ===Skin Defects=== | | ===Skin Defects=== |
| | | |
− | * E.g. Epitheliogenesis imperfecta. | + | * E.g. [[Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta|Epitheliogenesis imperfecta]]. |
− | ** There is absence of portions of the epidermis.
| |
− | *** Results in ulcers.
| |
| | | |
| ===Muscular Defects=== | | ===Muscular Defects=== |
Line 169: |
Line 104: |
| ** Called "shistosoma". | | ** Called "shistosoma". |
| | | |
− | ===Cardiac Defects=== | + | ===[[:Category:Cardiovascular System - Developmental Pathology|Cardiac Defects]]=== |
| | | |
| * There are several possible types of cardiac defects. | | * There are several possible types of cardiac defects. |
| ** These include: | | ** These include: |
| *** Patency between chambers | | *** Patency between chambers |
− | *** Persistent right aortic arch | + | *** [[PRAA|Persistent right aortic arch]] |
− | *** Tetrology of Fallot. | + | *** [[Tetralogy of Fallot]] |
| | | |
| ===Sexual Organ Malformation=== | | ===Sexual Organ Malformation=== |
Line 182: |
Line 117: |
| ** Hermaphrodites | | ** Hermaphrodites |
| ** Pseudohermaphrodites | | ** Pseudohermaphrodites |
− | ** Freemartinism in females calves. | + | ** [[Bovine Freemartinism|Freemartinism in females calves]]. |
| | | |
| ===Metabolic Diseases=== | | ===Metabolic Diseases=== |
Line 190: |
Line 125: |
| * These diseases express themselves as storage of intermediate products within cells. | | * These diseases express themselves as storage of intermediate products within cells. |
| * Because neural tissue is a very sensitive tissue and cannot repair, these diseases usually express themselves as disease of the Central Nervous System. | | * Because neural tissue is a very sensitive tissue and cannot repair, these diseases usually express themselves as disease of the Central Nervous System. |
| + | |
| + | |
| + | [[Category:Reproductive System - Developmental Pathology]] |