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Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology (view source)
Revision as of 14:25, 14 August 2009
, 14:25, 14 August 2009New page: {{unfinished}} {{toplink |linkpage =Nervous and Special Senses - Anatomy & Physiology |linktext =Nervous and Special Senses |maplink = Nervous System and Special Senses (Content Map) - Ana...
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{{toplink
|linkpage =Nervous and Special Senses - Anatomy & Physiology
|linktext =Nervous and Special Senses
|maplink = Nervous System and Special Senses (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology
|pagetype =Anatomy
}}
<br>
[[Image:brainstemcranialnervespyramids.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The brainstem, cranial nerves and pyramids. © BioMed Archive.]]
Cranial nerves are those nerves which arise from the brain and brain stem rather than the spinal cord. Nerves arising from the spinal cord are the [[Nervous System - PNS - Anatomy & Physiology|peripheral nerves]]. There are 12 cranial nerves, although the trigeminal nerve (V) has '''3 branches'''. These are:
'''Opthalmic (V1)'''
'''Maxillary (V2)'''
'''Mandibular (V3)'''
A summary of the cranial nerves is shown below:
{| style="width:100%; height:200px" border="1"
! '''Nerve'''
! '''Attatchment to brain'''
! '''Exit Foramen'''
! '''[[#Cranial Nerve Fibre Types|Fibre Type]]'''
! '''Location of cell bodies'''
! '''Distribution'''
|-
| '''I - Occulomotor'''
| Olfactory bulb
| Cribriform plate
| SVS
| Olfactory epithelium
| Olfactory epithelium
|-
| '''II - Optic'''
| Optic chiasma
| Optic canal
| SSS
| Retina
| Retina
|-
| '''III - Occulomotor'''
| Midbrain
| Orbital fissure and Round Foramen
| GSM + GVM
| Nuculi III
parasympathetic nuculi III
| Extraoccular mm.
Constrictor pupulli
|-
| '''IV - Trochlear'''
| Midbrain (dorsal)
| Round Foramen
| GSM
| Nuc IV
| Dorsal oblique mm.
|-
| '''V - Trigeminal'''
| Pons
| V1 - Orbital fissure
V2 - Round Foramen and Orbital Fissure
V3 - Oval Foramen
| V1 - GSS
V2 - GSS
V3 - SVM
| V1 - Trigeminal gangion
V2 - Trigeminal ganglion
V3 - Nuculi V
| V1 - Eye region
V2 - Upper jaw inc. teeth
V3 - mm. of arch 1
|-
| '''VI - Abducens'''
| Medulla oblongata
| Orbital fissure
| GSM
| Nuc IV
| Dorsal oblique mm.
|-
|-
| '''VII - Facial'''
| Medulla oblongata
| Stylomastoid foramen
| SVM + GVM + SVS
| Nuc III
(Taste - gleniailate ganglion)
| mm. of arch 2
Submaxillary and sublingual glands
Rostral 2/3 taste
|-
|-
| '''VIII - Vestibulocochlear'''
| Medulla oblongata
| Inner accoustic meatus
| SSS
| Vestibular ganglion
| Maculae and cristae
|-
|-
| '''IX - Glossopharyngeal'''
| Medulla oblongata
| Jugular foramen
| G/S V M/S
| Ganglia IX - SVM
Nuculi ambiguous - mm. arch 3
| Carotid gland
Caudal 1/3 taste
mm. of arch 3
Carotid body
|-
|-
| '''X - Vagus'''
| Medulla oblongata
| Jugular foramen
| GVM + SUM + GVS + GSS
| Ganglion X - (amongst others)
| Thoracic and abdominal organs
mm. of arches 4-6
Pharynx and larynx
External ear
|-
|-
| '''XI - Accessory'''
| Medulla oblongata
| Jugular foramen
| GSM
| Cervical spinal cord
| Trapezius m. etc
|-
|-
| '''XII - Hypoglossal'''
| Medulla oblongata
| Hypoglossal canal
| GSM
| Medulla nuculi XII
| Tongue mm.
|-
|
|}
====Cranial Nerve Fibre Types====
Cranial nerves are best explained by function:
*'''General Somatic Motor (GSM)'''
Motor cortex —→ Motor nuculi —→ Muscle
*'''General Visceral Motor (GVM)'''
Brainstem —→ Parasympathetic nuculi —→ Parasympathetic ganglion —→ Gland etc
*'''"Branchial motor" - Special Visceral Motor (SVM)'''
Motor cortex —→ Motor nuculi —→ Muscle
*'''General Somatic Sensory (GSS) and General Visceral Sensory (GVS)'''
Sensory cortex —→ Thalamus —→ Trigeminal nuculi —→ Trigeminal ganglion —→ Skin etc
====Special sensory fibres (SSS + SVS):====
'''[[Special Senses - Olfactory - Anatomy & Physiology|Smell]]''' '''SVS'''
Priform cortex —→ Olfactory tubercle —→ Olfactory Bulb —→ '''SMELL'''
'''[[Special Senses - Visual - Anatomy & Physiology|Vision]]''' '''SSS'''
Occipital cortex —→ Thalamus MGN —→ Rostral colliculus/Retinal ganglion cell —→ Bipolar cell —→ '''VISION'''
'''[[Special Senses - Auditory - Anatomy & Physiology|Hearing/Balance]]''' '''SSS'''
Temporal cortex —→ Thalamus MGN —→ Caudal colliculus and hindbrain —→ Spiral ganglion —→ '''HEARING'''
'''[[Special Senses - Taste - Anatomy & Physiology|Taste]]''' '''SVS'''
Sensory cortex —→ Thalamus —→ Hindbrain (VII, IX, X) —→ Ganglion —→ '''TASTE'''
<big><center>[[Nervous and Special Senses - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO NERVOUS AND SPECIAL SENSES''']]</center></big>
{{toplink
|linkpage =Nervous and Special Senses - Anatomy & Physiology
|linktext =Nervous and Special Senses
|maplink = Nervous System and Special Senses (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology
|pagetype =Anatomy
}}
<br>
[[Image:brainstemcranialnervespyramids.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The brainstem, cranial nerves and pyramids. © BioMed Archive.]]
Cranial nerves are those nerves which arise from the brain and brain stem rather than the spinal cord. Nerves arising from the spinal cord are the [[Nervous System - PNS - Anatomy & Physiology|peripheral nerves]]. There are 12 cranial nerves, although the trigeminal nerve (V) has '''3 branches'''. These are:
'''Opthalmic (V1)'''
'''Maxillary (V2)'''
'''Mandibular (V3)'''
A summary of the cranial nerves is shown below:
{| style="width:100%; height:200px" border="1"
! '''Nerve'''
! '''Attatchment to brain'''
! '''Exit Foramen'''
! '''[[#Cranial Nerve Fibre Types|Fibre Type]]'''
! '''Location of cell bodies'''
! '''Distribution'''
|-
| '''I - Occulomotor'''
| Olfactory bulb
| Cribriform plate
| SVS
| Olfactory epithelium
| Olfactory epithelium
|-
| '''II - Optic'''
| Optic chiasma
| Optic canal
| SSS
| Retina
| Retina
|-
| '''III - Occulomotor'''
| Midbrain
| Orbital fissure and Round Foramen
| GSM + GVM
| Nuculi III
parasympathetic nuculi III
| Extraoccular mm.
Constrictor pupulli
|-
| '''IV - Trochlear'''
| Midbrain (dorsal)
| Round Foramen
| GSM
| Nuc IV
| Dorsal oblique mm.
|-
| '''V - Trigeminal'''
| Pons
| V1 - Orbital fissure
V2 - Round Foramen and Orbital Fissure
V3 - Oval Foramen
| V1 - GSS
V2 - GSS
V3 - SVM
| V1 - Trigeminal gangion
V2 - Trigeminal ganglion
V3 - Nuculi V
| V1 - Eye region
V2 - Upper jaw inc. teeth
V3 - mm. of arch 1
|-
| '''VI - Abducens'''
| Medulla oblongata
| Orbital fissure
| GSM
| Nuc IV
| Dorsal oblique mm.
|-
|-
| '''VII - Facial'''
| Medulla oblongata
| Stylomastoid foramen
| SVM + GVM + SVS
| Nuc III
(Taste - gleniailate ganglion)
| mm. of arch 2
Submaxillary and sublingual glands
Rostral 2/3 taste
|-
|-
| '''VIII - Vestibulocochlear'''
| Medulla oblongata
| Inner accoustic meatus
| SSS
| Vestibular ganglion
| Maculae and cristae
|-
|-
| '''IX - Glossopharyngeal'''
| Medulla oblongata
| Jugular foramen
| G/S V M/S
| Ganglia IX - SVM
Nuculi ambiguous - mm. arch 3
| Carotid gland
Caudal 1/3 taste
mm. of arch 3
Carotid body
|-
|-
| '''X - Vagus'''
| Medulla oblongata
| Jugular foramen
| GVM + SUM + GVS + GSS
| Ganglion X - (amongst others)
| Thoracic and abdominal organs
mm. of arches 4-6
Pharynx and larynx
External ear
|-
|-
| '''XI - Accessory'''
| Medulla oblongata
| Jugular foramen
| GSM
| Cervical spinal cord
| Trapezius m. etc
|-
|-
| '''XII - Hypoglossal'''
| Medulla oblongata
| Hypoglossal canal
| GSM
| Medulla nuculi XII
| Tongue mm.
|-
|
|}
====Cranial Nerve Fibre Types====
Cranial nerves are best explained by function:
*'''General Somatic Motor (GSM)'''
Motor cortex —→ Motor nuculi —→ Muscle
*'''General Visceral Motor (GVM)'''
Brainstem —→ Parasympathetic nuculi —→ Parasympathetic ganglion —→ Gland etc
*'''"Branchial motor" - Special Visceral Motor (SVM)'''
Motor cortex —→ Motor nuculi —→ Muscle
*'''General Somatic Sensory (GSS) and General Visceral Sensory (GVS)'''
Sensory cortex —→ Thalamus —→ Trigeminal nuculi —→ Trigeminal ganglion —→ Skin etc
====Special sensory fibres (SSS + SVS):====
'''[[Special Senses - Olfactory - Anatomy & Physiology|Smell]]''' '''SVS'''
Priform cortex —→ Olfactory tubercle —→ Olfactory Bulb —→ '''SMELL'''
'''[[Special Senses - Visual - Anatomy & Physiology|Vision]]''' '''SSS'''
Occipital cortex —→ Thalamus MGN —→ Rostral colliculus/Retinal ganglion cell —→ Bipolar cell —→ '''VISION'''
'''[[Special Senses - Auditory - Anatomy & Physiology|Hearing/Balance]]''' '''SSS'''
Temporal cortex —→ Thalamus MGN —→ Caudal colliculus and hindbrain —→ Spiral ganglion —→ '''HEARING'''
'''[[Special Senses - Taste - Anatomy & Physiology|Taste]]''' '''SVS'''
Sensory cortex —→ Thalamus —→ Hindbrain (VII, IX, X) —→ Ganglion —→ '''TASTE'''
<big><center>[[Nervous and Special Senses - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO NERVOUS AND SPECIAL SENSES''']]</center></big>