Changes

If no localising findings are obvious, a full investigation is recommended.  This includes a full routine haematology, biochemistry, urinalysis, faecal bacteriology and parasitologym diagnostic imaging and gastroduodenoscopy.  Trypsin-like immunoassay (TLI) can be used diagnose exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)However, the findings are usually unremarkable in cases of idiopathic ARD.  In these instances, a trial treatment with antimicrobial therapy is warranted.  If these animals are responsive to the antimicrobial, but the clincal signs relapses upon withdrawal of treatment, a true idiopathic diagnosis can then be made.

If no localising findings are obvious, a full investigation is recommended.  This includes a full routine haematology, biochemistry, urinalysis, faecal bacteriology and parasitologym diagnostic imaging and gastroduodenoscopy.  Trypsin-like immunoassay (TLI) can be used diagnose exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)However, the findings are usually unremarkable in cases of idiopathic ARD.  In these instances, a trial treatment with antimicrobial therapy is warranted.  If these animals are responsive to the antimicrobial, but the clincal signs relapses upon withdrawal of treatment, a true idiopathic diagnosis can then be made.

Currently, the gold standard direct test for diagnosing ARD is duodenal juice culture.  However, this is an expensive test and it is rarely availble.

Currently, the gold standard direct test for diagnosing ARD is duodenal juice culture.  However, this is an expensive test and it is rarely availble.  Indirect tests such as serum folate and cobalamin concentrations have been used to analyse the bacterial concetrations in small intestines.  Some species of bacteria may increase the level of serum folate concentration or decrease serum cobalamin concentration, or both.  Unfortunately, the sensitivity and specificity of this test is low and therefore have questionable use in the diagnosis of ARD.

===Histopathology===

===Secondary ARD===

 

*Treatment of the underlying cause of ARD

 

==Treatment==