Changes

**Cystitis

**Cystitis

**Prostatic disease

**Prostatic disease

*Perineal hernia

*Perineal hernia

*Dystocia

*Dystocia

Endoparasite and enteritis are more common in young animals whereas tumours or perineal hernias are more common in milddle-aged to older animals.

Endoparasite and enteritis are more common in young animals whereas tumours or perineal hernias are more common in milddle-aged to older animals.

 

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

===Clinical Signs===

===Clinical Signs===

Protrusion of an elongated, cylindrical mass from the anus.  It is vital to differentiate a rectal prolapse from an ileocolic intussusception.  This can be done by passing a probe adjacent to the anus.  With rectal prolapse, the probe cannot be passed.

Protrusion of a red, elongated, swollen cylindrical mass from the anus.  It is vital to differentiate a rectal prolapse from an ileocolic intussusception.  This can be done by passing a probe adjacent to the anus.  With rectal prolapse, the probe cannot be passed.

 

The everted tissue becomes oedematous, which prevents retraction back into the pelvic canal.  The exposed tissue is vulnerable, and depending on the duration of time it which leads to inflammation, haemorrhage, congestion and ulceration.  

===Laboratory Tests===

===Laboratory Tests===

There are no specific tests.   

There are no specific tests is required.  A faecal analysis can be done to check for an underlying parasitic disease.   

===Diagnostic Imaging===

===Diagnostic Imaging===

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

===Medical===

===Medical===

This may be suitable for acute prolapse where it is ameanable to manual reduction, under general anaesthesia.  A loose purse-string suture should be placed around the anus for a period of 5-7 days.  Prior to manual reduction, the protruded mass should be treated with warm saline lavages, massages and lubrication or hypertonic saline sugar solution to relieve oedema.  Tenesmus can be reduced by enema, faecal softener, and a moist diet.  Complications such as tenesmus, dyschezia, haematochezia and recurrence can occur with manual reduction.

This may be suitable for acute prolapse with a good viability, where it is ameanable to manual reduction under general or epidural anaesthesia.  A loose purse-string suture should be placed around the anus for a period of 3-5 days.  Prior to manual reduction, the protruded mass should be treated with warm saline lavages, massages and lubrication or hypertonic saline sugar solution to relieve oedema.  Tenesmus can be reduced by laxative such as lactulose, faecal softener, and a moist diet.  Complications such as tenesmus, dyschezia, haematochezia and recurrence can occur with manual reduction.

===Surgery===

===Surgery===

Rectal resection and anastomosis may be needed in cases where manual reduction is not possible or if the tissue is severely traumatised.  Colopexy can be considered in recurrence cases.  Complications such as haemorrhage, leakage, anal struicture, infection, dehiscence and faecal incontinence can occur following surger.

Rectal resection and anastomosis may be needed in cases where manual reduction is not possible or if the tissue is severely traumatised, devitalised or necrotic.  Colopexy can be considered in recurrence cases where multiple attempts of manual reduction has failed.  Complications such as anal stricture, haemorrhage, faecal incontinence, dehiscence, inection, can occur following surgery.

==Prognosis==

==Prognosis==

==References==

==References==

*Fossum, T. W. et. al. (2007) '''Small Animal Surgery (Third Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''

*Fossum, T. W. et. al. (2007) '''Small Animal Surgery (Third Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''