Changes

choice3="A state of intestinal stasis"

choice3="A state of intestinal stasis"

correctchoice="2"

correctchoice="2"

feedback2="'''Correct!''' This is most common in the colon of the pig and the horse. Some people use the term intestinal torsion to refer to twists around the root of the mesentery; strictly, this is in fact mesenteric torsion which may lead to intestinal volvulus.  When assessing viability of gut, it is important to remember that the mucosa is more sensitive to ischaemic damage than the serosa, so at surgery, it is possible to look at the intestines and assume that they are ok when in fact the mucosa has sustained significant damage, and may not be viable. As a rule of thumb, if in doubt about viability, it is safer to remove intestine (as long as you don't remove too much to allow the remainder to function!!!)  [[Intestine Physical Disturbances - Pathology#Positional Changes.2F Displacements|WikiVet Article: Positional changes]]."

feedback2="'''Correct!''' This is most common in the colon of the pig and the horse. Some people use the term intestinal torsion to refer to twists around the root of the mesentery; strictly, this is in fact mesenteric torsion which may lead to intestinal volvulus.  When assessing viability of gut, it is important to remember that the mucosa is more sensitive to ischaemic damage than the serosa, so at surgery, it is possible to look at the intestines and assume that they are ok when in fact the mucosa has sustained significant damage, and may not be viable. As a rule of thumb, if in doubt about viability, it is safer to remove intestine (as long as you don't remove too much to allow the remainder to function!!!)  [[Intestine Physical Disturbances - Pathology#Positional Changes.2F Displacements|WikiVet Article: Positional changes]]"

feedback5="'''Incorrect.''' This is volvulus. Volvulus is defined as a twisting of a viscus causing obstruction of blood flow. This generally occurs in the stomach (as in GDV) or small intestine, and leads to an intense, almost black, congestion as a result of haemostasis. Necrosis of the affected gut may follow. Intestinal torsion is a twisting of the intestine around its longitudinal axis. This is most common in the colon of the pig and the horse. Some people use the term intestinal torsion to refer to twists around the root of the mesentery; strictly, this is in fact mesenteric torsion which may lead to intestinal volvulus. When assessing viability of gut, it is important to remember that the mucosa is more sensitive to ischaemic damage than the serosa, so at surgery, it is possible to look at the intestines and assume that they are ok when in fact the mucosa has sustained significant damage, and may not be viable. As a rule of thumb, if in doubt about viability, it is safer to remove intestine (as long as you don't remove too much to allow the remainder to function!!!) [[Intestine Physical Disturbances - Pathology#Positional Changes.2F Displacements|WikiVet Article: Positional changes]]."

feedback5="'''Incorrect.''' This is volvulus. Volvulus is defined as a twisting of a viscus causing obstruction of blood flow. This generally occurs in the stomach (as in GDV) or small intestine, and leads to an intense, almost black, congestion as a result of haemostasis. Necrosis of the affected gut may follow. Intestinal torsion is a twisting of the intestine around its longitudinal axis. This is most common in the colon of the pig and the horse. Some people use the term intestinal torsion to refer to twists around the root of the mesentery; strictly, this is in fact mesenteric torsion which may lead to intestinal volvulus. When assessing viability of gut, it is important to remember that the mucosa is more sensitive to ischaemic damage than the serosa, so at surgery, it is possible to look at the intestines and assume that they are ok when in fact the mucosa has sustained significant damage, and may not be viable. As a rule of thumb, if in doubt about viability, it is safer to remove intestine (as long as you don't remove too much to allow the remainder to function!!!) [[Intestine Physical Disturbances - Pathology#Positional Changes.2F Displacements|WikiVet Article: Positional changes]]"

feedback1="'''Incorrect.''' This is an intussusception, which is defined as telescoping of one section of intestine into the lumen of an adjacent section. The part of the intestine which passes into the lumen of the next section is referred to as the intussusceptum; the intestine into which the intussusceptum enters (and often becomes stuck) is known as the intussuscipiens. Intussusception occurs in all species particularly in young dogs and can involve the small intestine, caecum or colon. Intestinal torsion is a twisting of the intestine around its longitudinal axis. This is most common in the colon of the pig and the horse. Some people use the term intestinal torsion to refer to twists around the root of the mesentery; strictly, this is in fact mesenteric torsion which may lead to intestinal volvulus. Necrosis of the affected gut may follow. When assessing viability of gut, it is important to remember that the mucosa is more sensitive to ischaemic damage than the serosa, so at surgery, it is possible to look at the intestines and assume that they are ok when in fact the mucosa has sustained significant damage, and may not be viable. As a rule of thumb, if in doubt about viability, it is safer to remove intestine (as long as you don't remove too much to allow the remainder to function!!!) [[Intestine Physical Disturbances - Pathology#Positional Changes.2F Displacements|WikiVet Article: Positional changes]]."

feedback1="'''Incorrect.''' This is an intussusception, which is defined as telescoping of one section of intestine into the lumen of an adjacent section. The part of the intestine which passes into the lumen of the next section is referred to as the intussusceptum; the intestine into which the intussusceptum enters (and often becomes stuck) is known as the intussuscipiens. Intussusception occurs in all species particularly in young dogs and can involve the small intestine, caecum or colon. Intestinal torsion is a twisting of the intestine around its longitudinal axis. This is most common in the colon of the pig and the horse. Some people use the term intestinal torsion to refer to twists around the root of the mesentery; strictly, this is in fact mesenteric torsion which may lead to intestinal volvulus. Necrosis of the affected gut may follow. When assessing viability of gut, it is important to remember that the mucosa is more sensitive to ischaemic damage than the serosa, so at surgery, it is possible to look at the intestines and assume that they are ok when in fact the mucosa has sustained significant damage, and may not be viable. As a rule of thumb, if in doubt about viability, it is safer to remove intestine (as long as you don't remove too much to allow the remainder to function!!!) [[Intestine Physical Disturbances - Pathology#Positional Changes.2F Displacements|WikiVet Article: Positional changes]]"

feedback4="'''Incorrect.''' This is a hernia, which is the displacement of intestine through a defect in the wall of the abdominal cavity; technically, in a true hernia, the defect through which the intestine passes is a normal opening in the abdominal cavity (e.g. umbilical hernias in young animals), whereas a rupture is where the normal body wall has been disrupted (e.g. diaphragmatic rupture; technically, the common perineal hernia should be referred to as perineal rupture). Intestine may become trapped in the abdominal wall defect, and if blood flow becomes disrupted, this is referred to as strangulation. Intestinal torsion is a twisting of the intestine around its longitudinal axis. This is most common in the colon of the pig and the horse. Some people use the term intestinal torsion to refer to twists around the root of the mesentery; strictly, this is in fact mesenteric torsion which may lead to intestinal volvulus.  Necrosis of the affected gut may follow. When assessing viability of gut, it is important to remember that the mucosa is more sensitive to ischaemic damage than the serosa, so at surgery, it is possible to look at the intestines and assume that they are ok when in fact the mucosa has sustained significant damage, and may not be viable. As a rule of thumb, if in doubt about viability, it is safer to remove intestine (as long as you don't remove too much to allow the remainder to function!!!)  [[Intestine Physical Disturbances - Pathology#Positional Changes.2F Displacements|WikiVet Article: Positional changes]]."

feedback4="'''Incorrect.''' This is a hernia, which is the displacement of intestine through a defect in the wall of the abdominal cavity; technically, in a true hernia, the defect through which the intestine passes is a normal opening in the abdominal cavity (e.g. umbilical hernias in young animals), whereas a rupture is where the normal body wall has been disrupted (e.g. diaphragmatic rupture; technically, the common perineal hernia should be referred to as perineal rupture). Intestine may become trapped in the abdominal wall defect, and if blood flow becomes disrupted, this is referred to as strangulation. Intestinal torsion is a twisting of the intestine around its longitudinal axis. This is most common in the colon of the pig and the horse. Some people use the term intestinal torsion to refer to twists around the root of the mesentery; strictly, this is in fact mesenteric torsion which may lead to intestinal volvulus.  Necrosis of the affected gut may follow. When assessing viability of gut, it is important to remember that the mucosa is more sensitive to ischaemic damage than the serosa, so at surgery, it is possible to look at the intestines and assume that they are ok when in fact the mucosa has sustained significant damage, and may not be viable. As a rule of thumb, if in doubt about viability, it is safer to remove intestine (as long as you don't remove too much to allow the remainder to function!!!)  [[Intestine Physical Disturbances - Pathology#Positional Changes.2F Displacements|WikiVet Article: Positional changes]]"

feedback3="'''Incorrect.''' This is ileus, which is described as a state of intestinal stasis. The intestine is usually flaccid or distended with gas; ileus is most commonly seen in horses and rabbits. Intestinal torsion is a twisting of the intestine around its longitudinal axis. This is most common in the colon of the pig and the horse. Some people use the term intestinal torsion to refer to twists around the root of the mesentery; strictly, this is in fact mesenteric torsion which may lead to intestinal volvulus. Necrosis of the affected gut may follow. When assessing viability of gut, it is important to remember that the mucosa is more sensitive to ischaemic damage than the serosa, so at surgery, it is possible to look at the intestines and assume that they are ok when in fact the mucosa has sustained significant damage, and may not be viable. As a rule of thumb, if in doubt about viability, it is safer to remove intestine (as long as you don't remove too much to allow the remainder to function!!!)  [[Intestine Physical Disturbances - Pathology#Positional Changes.2F Displacements|WikiVet Article: Positional changes]]."

feedback3="'''Incorrect.''' This is ileus, which is described as a state of intestinal stasis. The intestine is usually flaccid or distended with gas; ileus is most commonly seen in horses and rabbits. Intestinal torsion is a twisting of the intestine around its longitudinal axis. This is most common in the colon of the pig and the horse. Some people use the term intestinal torsion to refer to twists around the root of the mesentery; strictly, this is in fact mesenteric torsion which may lead to intestinal volvulus. Necrosis of the affected gut may follow. When assessing viability of gut, it is important to remember that the mucosa is more sensitive to ischaemic damage than the serosa, so at surgery, it is possible to look at the intestines and assume that they are ok when in fact the mucosa has sustained significant damage, and may not be viable. As a rule of thumb, if in doubt about viability, it is safer to remove intestine (as long as you don't remove too much to allow the remainder to function!!!)  [[Intestine Physical Disturbances - Pathology#Positional Changes.2F Displacements|WikiVet Article: Positional changes]]"

image= "">

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choice1="Fluoroscopy"

choice1="Fluoroscopy"

correctchoice="5"

correctchoice="5"

feedback5="'''Correct!''' Oesophagoscopy should be used to confirm the site and severity of a stricture and also to exclude the presence of an intraluminal mass. [[Oesophageal Stricture - WikiClinical|WikiVet Article: oesophageal stricture. ]]"

feedback5="'''Correct!''' Oesophagoscopy should be used to confirm the site and severity of a stricture and also to exclude the presence of an intraluminal mass. [[Oesophageal Stricture - WikiClinical|WikiVet Article: Oesophageal stricture ]]"

feedback4="'''Incorrect.''' Survey radiographs are usually unremarkable in animals with benign oesophageal strictures. Oesophagoscopy should be used to confirm the site and severity of a stricture and also to exclude the presence of an intraluminal mass. [[Oesophageal Stricture - WikiClinical |WikiVet Article: oesophageal stricture. ]]"

feedback4="'''Incorrect.''' Survey radiographs are usually unremarkable in animals with benign oesophageal strictures. Oesophagoscopy should be used to confirm the site and severity of a stricture and also to exclude the presence of an intraluminal mass. [[Oesophageal Stricture - WikiClinical |WikiVet Article: Oesophageal stricture ]]"

feedback2="'''Incorrect.''' Although barium contrast radiography is normally diagnostic of the disorder, demonstrating narrowing of the oesophagus, it may not exclude intraluminal masses. Oesophagoscopy is required for definitive diagnosis. It should be used to confirm the site and severity of the stricture and also to exclude the presence of an intraluminal mass. [[Oesophageal Stricture - WikiClinical|WikiVet Article: oesophageal stricture.  ]]"

feedback2="'''Incorrect.''' Although barium contrast radiography is normally diagnostic of the disorder, demonstrating narrowing of the oesophagus, it may not exclude intraluminal masses. Oesophagoscopy is required for definitive diagnosis. It should be used to confirm the site and severity of the stricture and also to exclude the presence of an intraluminal mass. [[Oesophageal Stricture - WikiClinical|WikiVet Article: Oesophageal stricture ]]"

feedback3="'''Incorrect.''' Although ultrasonography may visualise a stricture caused by extramural mass compression, it is not usually useful in diagnosing small benign strictures. Oesophagoscopy should be used to provide a definitive diagnosis, confirming the site and severity of a stricture and also to exclude the presence of an intraluminal mass. [[Oesophageal Stricture - WikiClinical|WikiVet Article: oesophageal stricture]]."

feedback3="'''Incorrect.''' Although ultrasonography may visualise a stricture caused by extramural mass compression, it is not usually useful in diagnosing small benign strictures. Oesophagoscopy should be used to provide a definitive diagnosis, confirming the site and severity of a stricture and also to exclude the presence of an intraluminal mass. [[Oesophageal Stricture - WikiClinical|WikiVet Article: Oesophageal stricture ]]"

feedback1="'''Incorrect.''' Fluoroscopy may be unremarkable in animals with benign oesophageal strictures. Oesophagoscopy should be used to provide a definitive diagnosis, confirming the site and severity of a stricture and also to exclude the presence of an intraluminal mass. [[Oesophageal Conditions|WikiVet Article: oesophageal stricture. ]]"

feedback1="'''Incorrect.''' Fluoroscopy may be unremarkable in animals with benign oesophageal strictures. Oesophagoscopy should be used to provide a definitive diagnosis, confirming the site and severity of a stricture and also to exclude the presence of an intraluminal mass. [[Oesophageal Conditions|WikiVet Article: Oesophageal stricture ]]"

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</WikiQuiz>  

</WikiQuiz>  

choice4="Administration of Lidocaine (for cardiac arrythmias) and fluid therapy."

choice4="Administration of Lidocaine (for cardiac arrythmias) and fluid therapy."

correctchoice="3"

correctchoice="3"

feedback3="'''Correct!''' Fluid therapy and gastric decompression will stabilize the animal. Gastric decompression must be carried out as soon as possible as gastric dilatation can cause caudal vena cava obstruction and impair venous return to the heart. The gastric wall can also become devitalised. Fluid therapy should be administered in shock doses in order to treat the hypovolaemic shock."

feedback3="'''Correct!''' Fluid therapy and gastric decompression will stabilize the animal. Gastric decompression must be carried out as soon as possible as gastric dilatation can cause caudal vena cava obstruction and impair venous return to the heart. The gastric wall can also become devitalised. Fluid therapy should be administered in shock doses in order to treat the hypovolaemic shock. [[Gastric dilatation and volvulus - WikiClinical| WikiVet Article: Gastric Dilation Volvulus"

feedback1="'''Incorrect.''' The administration of lidocaine is not considered a first line emergency treatment. It may be required to once the dog is stabilized in order to treat a cardiac arrhythmia. The two most important first line emergency treatments are gastric decompression and fluid therapy. Gastric decompression is essential as gastric dilatation can cause caudal vena cava obstruction and impair venous return to the heart. Fluid therapy should be administered in shock doses in order to treat the hypovolaemic shock."

feedback1="'''Incorrect.''' The administration of lidocaine is not considered a first line emergency treatment. It may be required to once the dog is stabilized in order to treat a cardiac arrhythmia. The two most important first line emergency treatments are gastric decompression and fluid therapy. Gastric decompression is essential as gastric dilatation can cause caudal vena cava obstruction and impair venous return to the heart. Fluid therapy should be administered in shock doses in order to treat the hypovolaemic shock."

feedback2="'''Incorrect.''' Although these drugs may be required once the animal is more stable, they are not considered a part of the first line emergency treatment. Pure opioids such as morphine can be given to provide analgesia. Broad spectrum antibiotics should be given at surgical induction due to the possibility of endotoxaemia and bacterial translocation at surgery. The two most important first line emergency treatments are gastric decompression and fluid therapy. Gastric decompression is essential as gastric dilatation can cause caudal vena cava obstruction and impair venous return to the heart. Fluid therapy should be administered in shock doses in order to treat the hypovolaemic shock."

feedback2="'''Incorrect.''' Although these drugs may be required once the animal is more stable, they are not considered a part of the first line emergency treatment. Pure opioids such as morphine can be given to provide analgesia. Broad spectrum antibiotics should be given at surgical induction due to the possibility of endotoxaemia and bacterial translocation at surgery. The two most important first line emergency treatments are gastric decompression and fluid therapy. Gastric decompression is essential as gastric dilatation can cause caudal vena cava obstruction and impair venous return to the heart. Fluid therapy should be administered in shock doses in order to treat the hypovolaemic shock."