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Bacterial Skin Infections - Donkey (view source)
Revision as of 15:16, 18 February 2010
, 15:16, 18 February 2010no edit summary
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==Introduction==
[[Image:Dermatophilosis donkey.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<small><center>An extensive case of generalised dermatophilosis. Note the uneven hair length and the major distribution of lesions over the back and neck. The ventral abdomen and the lower parts of sides of the body trunk tend to be spared because they are not repeatedly wetted by rain. It is always worth isolating the affected cases and protecting them from rain, etc. Rugging tends to make the skin damp and so aids replication and spread of the organism. (Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center></small>]]
The common bacterial skin diseases include:
* [[Actinomycetes#Dermatophilus congolensis|Dermatophilosis]]
* [[Staphylococcus spp.|Staphylococcal]] /[[Streptococci|Streptococcal]] farunculosis or folliculitis
* [[Pathogenic anaerobic non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacteria#Fusobacterium necrophorum|Fusobacterial]] dermatitis and infectious coronitis (F. necrophorum)
Mixed infections are common in donkeys and the '''limbs are probably more often affected''' than the body, but '''generalised dermatophilosis''' does occur and can be very difficult to treat.
The immune status of a donkey with extensive skin infections should be explored.
==Clinical signs==
Differentiation of the bacterial disease present can be possible on clinical grounds alone, but this is far more problematic in donkeys than in horses. Clinically it is sometimes possible to make an informed guess as to the bacteria involved. A '''very painful lesion will usually involve [[Staphylococcus spp.|staphylococci]]''', while a '''moderately painful lesion with closely adherent scabs will be [[Streptococci|streptococcal]]'''. [[Staphylococcus spp.|'''Staphylococcal''']] skin infection usually has '''less exudate''' whereas [[Actinomycetes#Dermatophilus congolensis|'''Dermatophilus]] may have more'''.
The distribution of the lesions associated with the various specific infections tends to be an indicator of the diagnosis. Thus, [[Actinomycetes#Dermatophilus congolensis|'''dermatophilosis''']] affects areas most likely to be subjected to '''repeated damping''' (i.e. the back and the upper sides, head and lower neck) and produces '''focal lesions''' with a '''loose scab''' that leaves a '''florid, red base''' after removal. The lesion is characterised more by '''irritation''' than pain, but none of the bacterial skin diseases is usually pruritic.
[[Staphylococcus spp.|'''Staphylococcal]] infection''' tends to be '''more diffuse '''(less well defined) in distribution but infection in donkeys is common on the '''limbs and the face'''.
==Diagnosis==
A major problem with bacterial skin disease is the '''tendency to mixed infections'''. Thus, a primary early [[Streptococci|streptococcal]] or [[Actinomycetes#Dermatophilus congolensis|dermatophilus]] infection can be complicated rapidly by [[Staphylococcus spp.|staphylococcal]] overgrowth. Furthermore, secondary [[Fungal Skin Infections - Donkey|fungal infection]] can also complicate the diagnosis. Little is known about the normal bacterial flora of the donkey and it is certainly true that
donkeys maintained in hot dry climates have less skin infection problems than those in damp, cool environments.
A specific diagnosis is important and this should be obtained by '''culture''' and if necessary '''biopsy''' (with or without deep biopsy culture). However, most cultures reveal a complex mixture of pathogens and opportunistic pathogens as well as commensals so it is often difficult to identify the main pathogen.
==Treatment==
Once the full spectrum of bacterial involvement is known, and the sensitivity profiles established, then rational treatment can be given. For the most part, however, bacterial infections will clear spontaneously with good hygiene, and exposure to sunlight can be very helpful.
One of the most important principles of management for bacterial dermatologic infections is to '''render the skin inhospitable to bacterial growth'''. A close ‘clip-out’ that exposes the base of the hairs to '''drying, sunshine''' or to '''antibacterial washes''' is helpful.
Repeated antibacterial washes that tend to macerate the skin through persistent wetting should be avoided. A single thorough wash following the manufacturer’s instructions is usually enough to set the reparative processes in motion.
Blankets, rugs and bandages should be removed as they simply increase the local exudation and macerate the skin still further. Furthermore, it is '''very easy to restrict capillary blood flow''' and so create a marginal, superficial (and occasionally deeper) necrosis of the skin. Ensuring that the '''skin remains dry''' and the donkey is given a '''healthy diet''' are important aspects.
[[Antibiotics|'''Systemic antibiotics''']] are a tempting option in the management of confirmed bacterial skin disease, but there is severe limitation in the delivery of the antibiotic to the surface of the skin or the hair follicles. '''For the most part, therefore, they should be avoided''' unless a single bacterial species is identified and the MIC can be reached at the site of the infection. This means that the clinician must understand the pharmacokinetics and delivery of the drugs chosen based on in vitro cultures and sensitivity.
Also, there is strong tendency to use [[Steroids|steroid]] creams and lotions on focal skin infections. This '''should be avoided''', not only because they seldom help but also because they may impair the local immunity and tend to cause skin
thinning if applied frequently.
==References==
* Knottenbelt, D. (2008) Skin disorders In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 8
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