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==Prescribing for donkeys==
Pharmacokinetic differences have been demonstrated between horses and donkeys for a number of drugs e.g. oxytetracycline (Horspool ''et al'', 1990), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Peck ''et al'', 2002), phenylbutazone (Mealey ''et al'', 1997, Matthews ''et al'', 2001), flunixin meglumine (Coakley ''et al'', 1999), and guaifenesin (Matthews ''et al'', 1997) with, in general, Vd being lower, CL being higher and/or t½ being shorter in donkeys than in horses. These differences are of potential clinical significance for some, but not all, drugs that undergo hepatic biotransformation (Peck ''et al'', 1997). The NSAID carprofen is apparently metabolised more slowly in donkeys than in horses (Mealey 'et al'', 2004).
Dose rates and/or dosing regimens should not be altered unless there is
sufficient evidence, based on controlled studies or best practice guidelines,
for a particular drug. The dose rates cited in this chapter are based either
on published literature or on the recommendations made by The Donkey
Sanctuary (Trawford, 2004).
Most commonly, there is no approved product for use in the donkey. In
the EU, equines are considered food-producing animals with the consequent
implications in terms of what drugs can be administered and withdrawal
periods. Donkeys are frequently kept as companion or leisure animals and
are not usually intended for human consumption. Legislation has been put
in place in the EU that covers equines of this type (Trawford, 2004). The
range of medicines that can be used in the latter group can then be based
on the so-called prescribing cascade <font color='green>(Bishop, 2001)</font color>. In the absence of a
veterinary product with market authorisation for use in donkeys, a veterinary
product approved for use in the horse should be selected and used at the
approved dose rate and regime.
==Drug administration==
The parenteral (e.g. intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intra-articular)
or oral routes are used most commonly to administer drugs to donkeys.
The choice of administration route depends on a number of factors,
such as the need for dose titration and the expected onset and duration
of action <font color='green>(see Table 1)</font color>. Aseptic technique needs to be strictly practised for
intra-articular administration since the consequences of intra-articular
sepsis are particularly severe. Drugs can also be applied topically for local
effects. However systemic action can occur following the administration of
drugs by this route, e.g. atropine has systemic effects following ophthalmic
administration.
==References==
* Horspool, L. (2008) Clinical pharmacology In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 12
* Bishop, Y. (2000). ‘Code of Practice on Medicines’. ''Veterinary Formulary. 5th edition.'' Y. Bishop (ed). The Pharmaceutical Press, London. pp 5-8.
* Coakley, M., Peck, K.E., Taylor, T.S., Matthews, N.S., and Mealey, K.L. (1999). ‘Pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in donkeys, mules and horses’. ''American Journal of Veterinary Research 60''. pp 1441-1444.
* Horspool, L.J.I., McKellar, Q.A. (1990). ‘Disposition of oxytetracycline in horses, ponies and donkeys after intravenous administration’. ''Equine Veterinary Journal 22(4)''. pp 284-285.
* Matthews, N.S., Peck, K.E., Mealey, K.L., Taylor, T.S., and Ray, A.C. (1997). ‘Pharmacokinetics and cardiopulmonary effects of guaifenesin in donkeys’. ''Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 20''. pp 442-226.
* Matthews, N.S., Peck, K.E., Taylor, T.S., and Mealey, K.L. (2001). ‘Pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone and its metabolite oxyphenbutazone in miniature donkeys’. ''American Journal of Veterinry Research 62''. pp 673-675.
* Mealey, K.L., Matthews, N.S., Peck, K.E., Burchfield, M.I., Bennett, B.S. and Taylor, T.S. (2004). ‘Pharmacokinetics of R(-) and S(+) carprofen after administration of racemic carprofen in donkeys and horses’. ''American Journal of Veterinary Research 65''. pp 1479-1482.
* Mealey, K.L., Matthews, N.S., Peck, K.E., Ray, A.C., and Taylor, T.S. (1997). ‘Comparative pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone and its metabolite oxyphenbutazone in clinically normal horses and donkeys’. ''American Journal of Veterinary Research 58''. pp 53-55.
* Peck, K., Mealey, K.L., Matthews, N.S., and Taylor, T.S. (1997). ‘Comparative pharmacokinetics of caffeine and three metabolites in clinically normal horses and donkeys’. ''American Journal of Veterinary Research'' 58. pp 881-884.
* Peck, K.E., Matthews, N.S., Taylor, T.S., and Mealey, K.L. (2002). ‘Pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in donkeys, mules, and horses’. ''American Journal of Veterinary Research 63''. pp 349-353.
* Trawford, A.F. (2004). ‘Prescribing for donkeys’. ''The Veterinary Formulary. 6th edition''. Y. Bishop (ed). The Pharmaceutical Press, London.
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