Changes

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'''[[Pregnancy - Donkey|Pregnancy]]

'''[[Pregnancy - Donkey|Pregnancy]]

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'''Parturition presents in the classical three stages:'''

Donkey '''dystocia''' cases have been reported, but their true incidence and nature is not known. Malformations such as  '''''schistosomus reflexus''''' and''' foetal ankylosis''' have been reported as causes of dystocia (Dubbin ''et al'', 1990). In miniature donkeys, dystocia may result following abortion due to foetal malformation. In equines, the uterus should be able to regulate foetal growth and reduce the rate of dystocia due to foetal-maternal disproportion. However, an increased rate of dystocia is commonly feared when jennies are bred to stallions.

[[Image:Parturition stage 2 jenny donkey.jpg|right|thumb|300px|<small><center>Stage 2 of parturition: a) and b) The allantochorion has ruptured about five minutes before. The foal can be seen through the amniotic sac. (Image courtesy of   [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center></small>]]

 

[[Image:Parturition end of stage 2 jenny donkey.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<small><center>c) End of stage 2 of parturition (expulsion of the foetus): The entire stage 2 lasts about 20 minutes (5-35 minutes). (Image courtesy of    [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center></small>]]

'''Dystocia risks are increased in miniature donkeys''' because of the domed large forehead of some foals. Relief of dystocia is best accomplished under anaesthesia, with the jenny’s hindquarters suspended. '''Caesarean section''' is preferable to foetotomy. Long obstetrical manipulations have been associated with vaginal adhesions.

[[Image:Parturition stage 3 jenny donkey.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<small><center>Stage 3 of parturition: This stage usually lasts around one hour but may take up to six hours. (Image courtesy of    [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center></small>]]

 

* '''Stage 1:''' (preparation for labour) Characterized by increased restlessness, isolation from herd mates and frequent alternation between standing and lying down.

 

* Tibary, A., Sghiri, A. & Bakkoury, M. (2008) Reproduction In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 17

 

 

* Dubbin, E.S., Welker, F., Veit, H., Modransky, P.D., Talley, M.R., Vandeplassche, M., and Salah-Osman-Idris, M.B. (1990). ‘Dystocia attributable to a fetal monster resembling schistosomus reflexus in a donkey’. ''Journal of the American Veterinary Association'' 197. pp 605-607.

Donkey '''dystocia''' cases have been reported, but their true incidence and nature is not known. Malformations such as  '''''schistosomus reflexus''''' and''' foetal ankylosis''' have been reported as causes of dystocia (Dubbin ''et al'', 1990). In miniature donkeys, dystocia may result following abortion due to foetal malformation. In equines, the uterus should be able to regulate foetal growth and reduce the rate of dystocia due to foetal-maternal disproportion. However, an increased rate of dystocia is commonly feared when jennies are bred to stallions.

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'''Uterine involution''' is still poorly studied in asinine species. One study on Catalonian jennies reported that gross uterine involution is completed by 22.5 ± 1.7 days ''post-partum'' (range of 18 to 27 days) (Dadarwal ''et al'', 2004). Vaginal discharge (clear odourless lochia) was present for up to seven days and intrauterine fluid was detected by ultrasound for up to 18 days in some females.

'''Uterine involution''' is still poorly studied in asinine species. One study on Catalonian jennies reported that gross uterine involution is completed by 22.5 ± 1.7 days ''post-partum'' (range of 18 to 27 days) (Dadarwal ''et al'', 2004). Vaginal discharge (clear odourless lochia) was present for up to seven days and intrauterine fluid was detected by ultrasound for up to 18 days in some females.

* Vandeplassche, G.M., Wesson, J.A., and Ginther, O.J. (1981). ‘Behavioral, follicular and gonadotropin changes during estrous cycle in donkeys’. ''Theriogenology'' 16. pp 239-249.

* Vandeplassche, G.M., Wesson, J.A., and Ginther, O.J. (1981). ‘Behavioral, follicular and gonadotropin changes during estrous cycle in donkeys’. ''Theriogenology'' 16. pp 239-249.

* Vendramini, O.K., Guintard, C., Moreau, J., and Tainturier, D. (1998). ‘Cervix conformation: a first anatomical approach in Baudet du Poitou jenny asses’. ''Animal Science'' 66. pp 741-744.

* Vendramini, O.K., Guintard, C., Moreau, J., and Tainturier, D. (1998). ‘Cervix conformation: a first anatomical approach in Baudet du Poitou jenny asses’. ''Animal Science'' 66. pp 741-744.

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