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New page: {{review}} '''Uterine involution''' is still poorly studied in asinine species. One study on Catalonian jennies reported that gross uterine involution is completed by 22.5 ± 1.7 days ''p...
{{review}}
'''Uterine involution''' is still poorly studied in asinine species. One study on Catalonian jennies reported that gross uterine involution is completed by 22.5 ± 1.7 days ''post-partum'' (range of 18 to 27 days) (Dadarwal ''et al'', 2004). Vaginal discharge (clear odourless lochia) was present for up to seven days and intrauterine fluid was detected by ultrasound for up to 18 days in some females.
'''Foal heat''' occurs 8.6 days after foaling, but periods of 2 to 69 days have been reported. Dardawal ''et al'' (2004) found that, on the day of parturition, several 10 to 15 mm follicles are present and by 5 to 12 days ''post-partum'' at least one follicle has reached 25 mm in diameter. Behavioural oestrus seems to be less pronounced with the first ''post-partum'' ovulation.
Most jennies will ovulate between 13 to 17 days ''post-partum''. Extended periods of follicular activity without ovulation may be observed in some females. The interaction between ''post-partum'' cyclicity, body condition and lactation has not been investigated. In a study from 1957 in India, the mean interval from parturition to fertilization was found to be 162.5 ± 6.7 days
(Kohli ''et al'', 1957).
There are very few studies on '''nutritional requirements''' for optimal fertility, pregnancy needs and lactation. In one study, jennies lost abut 1% of their body weight at foaling and a further 0.5 to 1% during lactation (Eley and French, 1994).
Donkey '''neonate survival''' is often described as a major problem in developing countries. This high mortality may be due to poor rearing conditions (''post-partum'' care) as well as poor colostral protection. The effect of nutrition and management on foal growth and survival has not been fully studied.
In a free-ranging population, jennies may continue to nurse their foals until ten months of age (French, 1998). Feed supplementation along with anthelmintic treatment during late pregnancy and lactation has been associated with better survival of foals in Ethiopia (Mengistu ''et al'', 2005). This may be due to increased mammary function and prevention of failure of passive transfer.
==References==
* Tibary, A., Sghiri, A. & Bakkoury, M. (2008) Reproduction In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 17
* Dadarwal, D., Tandon, S.N., Purohit, G.N., and Pareek, P.K. (2004). ‘Ultrasonographic evaluation of uterine involution and post-partum follicular dynamics of French Jennies (''Equus asinus'')’. ''Theriogenology ''62. pp 257-264.
* Eley, J.L., French, J.M. (1994). ‘Bodyweight changes in pregnant and lactating donkey mares and their foals’. ''Veterinary Record'' 134. p 627.
* French, J.M.(1998). ‘Mother-offspring relationships in donkeys’. ''Applied Animal Behaviour Science'' 60. pp 253-258.
* Kohli, M.L., Suri, K.R. (1957). ‘Studies on reproductive efficiency in donkey mares’. ''Indian J Vet. Sci.'' 27. pp 133-138.
* Kohli, M.L., Suri, K.R., and Chatter, J.I.A. (1957). ‘Studies on the gestation length and breeding age in donkey mares’. ''Indian Vet J.'' 34, pp 344-348.
* Mengistu, A., Smith, D.G., Yoseph, S., Nega,T., Zewdie, W. , Kassahun, W.G., Taye, B., and Firew, T. (2005). ‘The effect of providing feed supplementation and anthelmintic to donkeys during late pregnancy and lactation on live weight and survival of dams and their foals in central Ethiopia’. ''Tropical Animal Health and Production'' 37 (supplement 1). pp 21-33.
{{toplink
|titleborder=E0EEEE
|linkpage =Female Reproduction - Donkey
|linktext =Female Reproduction - Donkey
|pagetype = Donkey
}}
[[Category:Donkey]]
{{toplink
|titleborder=E0EEEE
|linkpage = Sponsors
|linktext = This page was sponsored and content provided by ''THE DONKEY SANCTUARY''
}}
'''Uterine involution''' is still poorly studied in asinine species. One study on Catalonian jennies reported that gross uterine involution is completed by 22.5 ± 1.7 days ''post-partum'' (range of 18 to 27 days) (Dadarwal ''et al'', 2004). Vaginal discharge (clear odourless lochia) was present for up to seven days and intrauterine fluid was detected by ultrasound for up to 18 days in some females.
'''Foal heat''' occurs 8.6 days after foaling, but periods of 2 to 69 days have been reported. Dardawal ''et al'' (2004) found that, on the day of parturition, several 10 to 15 mm follicles are present and by 5 to 12 days ''post-partum'' at least one follicle has reached 25 mm in diameter. Behavioural oestrus seems to be less pronounced with the first ''post-partum'' ovulation.
Most jennies will ovulate between 13 to 17 days ''post-partum''. Extended periods of follicular activity without ovulation may be observed in some females. The interaction between ''post-partum'' cyclicity, body condition and lactation has not been investigated. In a study from 1957 in India, the mean interval from parturition to fertilization was found to be 162.5 ± 6.7 days
(Kohli ''et al'', 1957).
There are very few studies on '''nutritional requirements''' for optimal fertility, pregnancy needs and lactation. In one study, jennies lost abut 1% of their body weight at foaling and a further 0.5 to 1% during lactation (Eley and French, 1994).
Donkey '''neonate survival''' is often described as a major problem in developing countries. This high mortality may be due to poor rearing conditions (''post-partum'' care) as well as poor colostral protection. The effect of nutrition and management on foal growth and survival has not been fully studied.
In a free-ranging population, jennies may continue to nurse their foals until ten months of age (French, 1998). Feed supplementation along with anthelmintic treatment during late pregnancy and lactation has been associated with better survival of foals in Ethiopia (Mengistu ''et al'', 2005). This may be due to increased mammary function and prevention of failure of passive transfer.
==References==
* Tibary, A., Sghiri, A. & Bakkoury, M. (2008) Reproduction In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 17
* Dadarwal, D., Tandon, S.N., Purohit, G.N., and Pareek, P.K. (2004). ‘Ultrasonographic evaluation of uterine involution and post-partum follicular dynamics of French Jennies (''Equus asinus'')’. ''Theriogenology ''62. pp 257-264.
* Eley, J.L., French, J.M. (1994). ‘Bodyweight changes in pregnant and lactating donkey mares and their foals’. ''Veterinary Record'' 134. p 627.
* French, J.M.(1998). ‘Mother-offspring relationships in donkeys’. ''Applied Animal Behaviour Science'' 60. pp 253-258.
* Kohli, M.L., Suri, K.R. (1957). ‘Studies on reproductive efficiency in donkey mares’. ''Indian J Vet. Sci.'' 27. pp 133-138.
* Kohli, M.L., Suri, K.R., and Chatter, J.I.A. (1957). ‘Studies on the gestation length and breeding age in donkey mares’. ''Indian Vet J.'' 34, pp 344-348.
* Mengistu, A., Smith, D.G., Yoseph, S., Nega,T., Zewdie, W. , Kassahun, W.G., Taye, B., and Firew, T. (2005). ‘The effect of providing feed supplementation and anthelmintic to donkeys during late pregnancy and lactation on live weight and survival of dams and their foals in central Ethiopia’. ''Tropical Animal Health and Production'' 37 (supplement 1). pp 21-33.
{{toplink
|titleborder=E0EEEE
|linkpage =Female Reproduction - Donkey
|linktext =Female Reproduction - Donkey
|pagetype = Donkey
}}
[[Category:Donkey]]
{{toplink
|titleborder=E0EEEE
|linkpage = Sponsors
|linktext = This page was sponsored and content provided by ''THE DONKEY SANCTUARY''
}}