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Cardiovascular disease may be primary or secondary.
'''Aetiology'''
*Infectious
*Parasitic
*Congenital
*Nutritional (e.g. calcification of large vessels)
'''Clinical signs'''
Clinical signs of cardiovascular disease are usually non-specific such as anorexia and weight loss. Signs such as swelling in the area of the heart, peripheral oedema and ascites warrant investigation of the cardiovascular system.
'''Diagnosis'''
*History
*Physical examination especially auscultation
*Blood culture
*Radiography
*Ultrasound
*Doppler flow detector
*Electrocardiography though interpretation may be a problem
*Necropsy
'''Treatment'''
*Supportive treatment
*Antimicrobial if infectious
*Correction of husbandry