Changes

===Immunological mechanisms===

===Immunological mechanisms===

Immunological mechanisms may be of value. There are anecdotal

Immunological mechanisms may be of value. There are anecdotal reports of the benefits of '''autologous blood injections''' but it is very hard to see any immunological benefit from this approach. The reality is that a '''few cases do seem to resolve spontaneously''' (although this seems to be less common in donkeys than in horses).

reports of the benefits of '''autologous blood injections''' but it is very hard

to see any immunological benefit from this approach. The reality is that a

'''few cases do seem to resolve spontaneously''' (although this seems to be less

common in donkeys than in horses).

The use of '''intra-lesional BCG''' has been advocated and this appears

The use of '''intra-lesional BCG''' has been advocated and this appears to be a useful, but by no means certain, treatment for '''localised nodular and fibroblastic lesions around the eyes''' of the donkey. The critical factors appear to be the true intra-lesional injection; peri-lesional injection has no material benefit and risks the development of anaphylaxis. The mechanism for the effects of BCG are probably due to its intense chemotactic nature: macrophages and [[Neutrophils - WikiBlood|neutrophils]] and some mononuclear cells are actively drawn into the site and remove cells to which the BCG has adhered. Repeated injections are required and, as the tumour becomes necrotic and decays, true intra-lesional injection becomes more difficult.

to be a useful, but by no means certain, treatment for '''localised nodular

and fibroblastic lesions around the eyes''' of the donkey. The critical factors

appear to be the true intra-lesional injection; peri-lesional injection has no

material benefit and risks the development of anaphylaxis. The mechanism

for the effects of BCG are probably due to its intense chemotactic nature:

macrophages and [[Neutrophils - WikiBlood|neutrophils]] and some mononuclear cells are actively

drawn into the site and remove cells to which the BCG has adhered.

Repeated injections are required and, as the tumour becomes necrotic and

decays, true intra-lesional injection becomes more difficult.

===Cytotoxic compounds===

===Cytotoxic compounds===

Topical cytotoxic compounds based on heavy metals and cytotoxic

Topical cytotoxic compounds based on heavy metals and cytotoxic and antimitotic chemicals, such as '''cisplatin''' and '''5-fluorouracil''', are valuable because they are convenient and relatively cheap. '''AW4-LUDES''' from Liverpool University is possibly the best known of these. Often these are the only material options available. They do, however, cause much tissue necrosis and '''some pain is inevitable'''. The results suggest that some localised lesions, and those that have a superficial nature, are more susceptible to the methods, but again there are wide variations in response and not all lesions will respond.

and antimitotic chemicals, such as '''cisplatin''' and '''5-fluorouracil''', are valuable

because they are convenient and relatively cheap. '''AW4-LUDES''' from

Liverpool University is possibly the best known of these. Often these are

the only material options available. They do, however, cause much tissue

necrosis and '''some pain is inevitable'''. The results suggest that some localised

lesions, and those that have a superficial nature, are more susceptible to

the methods, but again there are wide variations in response and not all

lesions will respond.

===Other materials===

===Other materials===