Changes

==Bladder==

==Bladder==

Most lizards have a '''urinary bladder''' where the urine may be modified. Urinalysis may therefore not indicate renal function. A thin-walled bladder is present in most lizards and helps water retention. When absent, urine is stored in the distal colon. It connects to the cloaca by a short urethra which means that urine waste flows from the kidney through the ureter into the urodeum of the cloaca before entering the bladder (or colon for species lacking a bladder), resulting in non-sterile urine, unlike mammals.  

Most lizards have a urinary bladder where the urine may be modified. Urinalysis may therefore not indicate renal function. A thin-walled bladder is present in most lizards and helps water retention. When absent, urine is stored in the distal colon. It connects to the cloaca by a short urethra which means that urine waste flows from the kidney through the ureter into the urodeum of the cloaca before entering the bladder (or colon for species lacking a bladder), resulting in non-sterile urine, unlike mammals.  

Reflux urine is concentrated.

Reflux urine is concentrated.

* Water deprivation and diets containing excessive levels of protein can cause '''cystic calculi'''.

* Water deprivation and diets containing excessive levels of protein can cause [[Lizard Cystic Calculi|cystic calculi]].

==References==

==References==