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**Expiratory muscles diminish the cavity and force air out
 
**Expiratory muscles diminish the cavity and force air out
 
*The most important thoracic muscle is the '''''Diaphragm''''', which separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
 
*The most important thoracic muscle is the '''''Diaphragm''''', which separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
  −
*''Intercostal muscles''
   
**Dome-shaped, convex on its cranial surface
 
**Dome-shaped, convex on its cranial surface
 
**Central tendon forms the vertex
 
**Central tendon forms the vertex
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**Attaches via muscular periphery to the costal arch
 
**Attaches via muscular periphery to the costal arch
 
[[Image: Intercostal.JPG|thumb|right|150px|Intercostal muscles with nerve and vessels- Copyright C. Clarkson and T.F. Fletcher, University of Minnesota]]
 
[[Image: Intercostal.JPG|thumb|right|150px|Intercostal muscles with nerve and vessels- Copyright C. Clarkson and T.F. Fletcher, University of Minnesota]]
**Three openings:  
+
**The Diaphragm has three openings:  
 
***'''Aortic hilus''' conveying the aorta, azygous vien, and thoracic duct
 
***'''Aortic hilus''' conveying the aorta, azygous vien, and thoracic duct
 
***'''Oesophageal hiatus''' conveying the oesophagus, vagal trunks and supplying vessels
 
***'''Oesophageal hiatus''' conveying the oesophagus, vagal trunks and supplying vessels
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**Innervated by the '''phrenic nerve''', which arises from the caudal cervical nerves (C5-C7)
 
**Innervated by the '''phrenic nerve''', which arises from the caudal cervical nerves (C5-C7)
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 +
*''Intercostal muscles''
 
**External fibers run caudoventrally and internal fibers run cranioventrally
 
**External fibers run caudoventrally and internal fibers run cranioventrally
 
**Each is confined to a single intercostal space
 
**Each is confined to a single intercostal space
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