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| | Nuisance flies are not only irritating to animals, but can also carry serious diseases and so should be controlled from an animal welfare point of view. | | Nuisance flies are not only irritating to animals, but can also carry serious diseases and so should be controlled from an animal welfare point of view. |
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| − | ==''Musca spp.''==
| + | <big>[[Musca spp.|''Musca spp.'']] |
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| − | *Also known as 'house' and 'face' flies
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| − | *Includes ''Musca domestica'' the house fly and ''Musca autumnalis'' the face fly
| + | </big> |
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| − | *Found in temperate regions
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| − | *The house fly is present both inside and outside of buildings
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| − | *The face fly is one of the most numerous flies which annoy cattle
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| − | **Attracted to the head and upper parts of the body
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| − | '''Recognition'''
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| − | *7.5mm long
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| − | *Sponge-like labellum mouthparts
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| − | *Grey thorax with longitudinal stripes
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| − | *Yellow abdomen with a single black stripe
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| − | '''Life Cycle'''
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| − | *Eggs laid in rotting manure, hatch and pass through pupal and larval stages before emerging
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| − | *Eggs hatch within 12 hours of being deposited
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| − | *Life cycle takes '''12 days'''
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| − | *Flies may overwinter as adults
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| − | '''Pathogenesis'''
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| − | *Production losses
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| − | **Reduced weight gain
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| − | **Reduced milk yield
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| − | **Fly worry
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| − | *Disease transmission
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| − | **Viruses
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| − | ***E.g. Coxsackie, enteroviruses, poliomyelitis
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| − | **Bacteria
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| − | ***E.g. [[Bacillus species#Bacillus anthracis|Anthrax]], [[Escherichia coli|''E.coli'']], [[Salmonella|''Salmonella'']], [[Shigella|''Shigella'']], [[Moraxella bovis|New Forest Eye Disease]]
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| − | **Helminths
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| − | ***E.g. Intermediate hosts for [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Helminths|''Habronema'']] in horses, some poultry tapeworms, [[Parafilaria spp.|''Parafiliaria'']] and [[Cattle#Other Cattle Nematodes|''Thelazia'']] in cattle
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| − | *Feeds on secretions from the eyes, nose and mouth as well as blood left in wounds by other flies
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| − | '''Control'''
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| − | *Fly control in breeding and resting sites (to reduce the source)
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| − | **Breeding sites
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| − | ***Good sanitation
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| − | ***Collect dung in heaps
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| − | ***Spray surface of heaps with insecticide to kill surviving adults and larvae
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| − | ***Biological control
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| − | **Resting sites
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| − | ***Spray inside and outsides of buildings with insecticide
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| − | *Fly control on the host
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| − | **Wide range of products available
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| − | **Nil or short withdrawal period needed for milking animals or animals going for slaughter
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