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==Introduction==
 
==Introduction==
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The '''piroplasms''' are a group of blood-borne protozoa which are transmitted by [[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks|ticks]]. The species of most veterinary importance are ''Babesia'', ''Cytauxzoon'' and ''Theileria''.  
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The '''piroplasms''' are a group of blood-borne protozoa which are transmitted by [[Ticks|ticks]]. The species of most veterinary importance are ''Babesia'', ''Cytauxzoon'' and ''Theileria''.  
    
Piroplasms are apicomplexan protozoa which inhabit [[Erythrocytes - WikiBlood|erythrocytes]], and sometimes other cells of vertebrates, but do not form pigment from haemoglobin. All piroplasms are small and round or pear-shaped (erythrocyte forms) and are parasitic to fish, amphibians, birds and mammals.
 
Piroplasms are apicomplexan protozoa which inhabit [[Erythrocytes - WikiBlood|erythrocytes]], and sometimes other cells of vertebrates, but do not form pigment from haemoglobin. All piroplasms are small and round or pear-shaped (erythrocyte forms) and are parasitic to fish, amphibians, birds and mammals.
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*Babesiosis has severe effects on cattle production in parts of the world
 
*Babesiosis has severe effects on cattle production in parts of the world
**Prevents European breeds from being successful in tropical regions where [[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks|ticks]] are endemic.
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**Prevents European breeds from being successful in tropical regions where [[Ticks|ticks]] are endemic.
 
**Occurs sporadically in the UK and Ireland causing losses of around £8 million per year
 
**Occurs sporadically in the UK and Ireland causing losses of around £8 million per year
    
'''Life Cycle'''
 
'''Life Cycle'''
*Both [[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks#Disease Transmission|trans-stadial]] and [[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks#Disease Transmission|trans-ovarian]] transmission occurs
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*Both [[Ticks#Disease Transmission|trans-stadial]] and [[Ticks#Disease Transmission|trans-ovarian]] transmission occurs
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*Each female [[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks|tick]] produces 3000 eggs
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*Each female [[Ticks|tick]] produces 3000 eggs
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*The [[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks|tick]] is the definitive host
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*The [[Ticks|tick]] is the definitive host
    
*''Babesia'' multiplies in the red blood cells by '''budding'''
 
*''Babesia'' multiplies in the red blood cells by '''budding'''
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'''Epidemiology'''
 
'''Epidemiology'''
 
*Determined by:
 
*Determined by:
**Number of infected [[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks|ticks]] seeking a blood meal ('''tick pressure''')
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**Number of infected [[Ticks|ticks]] seeking a blood meal ('''tick pressure''')
 
**Calves under 9 months are refractory to disease
 
**Calves under 9 months are refractory to disease
 
***Can develop immunity if exposed without showing clinical signs
 
***Can develop immunity if exposed without showing clinical signs
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*Predisposing factors:
 
*Predisposing factors:
 
**Susceptible animals introduced into an infected area
 
**Susceptible animals introduced into an infected area
**Infected [[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks|ticks]] introduced into a clean area
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**Infected [[Ticks|ticks]] introduced into a clean area
**Infected cattle introduced into an area with clean [[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks|ticks]]  
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**Infected cattle introduced into an area with clean [[Ticks|ticks]]  
**Temporary reduction in the [[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks|tick]] population decreasing the transmission rate (causing enzootic instability)
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**Temporary reduction in the [[Ticks|tick]] population decreasing the transmission rate (causing enzootic instability)
 
**Infected are transported or stressed in other ways, e.g. parturition
 
**Infected are transported or stressed in other ways, e.g. parturition
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**Sporadic disease
 
**Sporadic disease
 
**Enzootic instability
 
**Enzootic instability
**Occurs mostly during the spring and autumn during periods of greatest [[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks|tick]] activity
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**Occurs mostly during the spring and autumn during periods of greatest [[Ticks|tick]] activity
 
**Occurs mostly in stressed cattle under 2 years old on rough grazing
 
**Occurs mostly in stressed cattle under 2 years old on rough grazing
 
**''B. divergens'' the most common species
 
**''B. divergens'' the most common species
**[[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks#Ixodes spp.|''Ixodes ricinus'']] is the vector
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**[[Hard Ticks - UK#Ixodes spp.|''Ixodes ricinus'']] is the vector
**[[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks#Disease Transmission|Trans-ovarial]] transmission to the next generation occurs
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**[[Ticks#Disease Transmission|Trans-ovarial]] transmission to the next generation occurs
 
**''B. major'' occurs in South East England but is not pathogenic
 
**''B. major'' occurs in South East England but is not pathogenic
***Vector is [[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks#Important Hard Ticks|''Haemaphysalis'']]
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***Vector is [[Hard Ticks - UK#Important Hard Ticks|''Haemaphysalis'']]
    
*Overseas
 
*Overseas
 
**''B. bovis'' causes considerable losses in cattle in many tropical and sub-tropical areas
 
**''B. bovis'' causes considerable losses in cattle in many tropical and sub-tropical areas
 
***In Australia an attenuated vaccine is used
 
***In Australia an attenuated vaccine is used
***Vector is [[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks#Important Hard Ticks|''Boophilus'']]
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***Vector is [[Hard Ticks - Overseas|''Boophilus'']]
 
**''B. bigemina'' causes problems in Africa and South America
 
**''B. bigemina'' causes problems in Africa and South America
***Vector is [[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks#Important Hard Ticks|''Boophilus'']]
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***Vector is [[Hard Ticks - Overseas|''Boophilus'']]
    
*Dogs
 
*Dogs
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**Large species comprises 3 subspecies
 
**Large species comprises 3 subspecies
 
***''B. canis canis'' is the most important
 
***''B. canis canis'' is the most important
****[[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks#Important Hard Ticks|''Dermacentor'']] vector
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****[[Hard Ticks - Overseas|''Dermacentor'']] vector
 
****Largely confined to southern Europe but is spreading
 
****Largely confined to southern Europe but is spreading
***''B. canis'' uses [[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks#Important Hard Ticks|''Rhipicephalus'']] as a vector and is spreading northwards through Europe
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***''B. canis'' uses [[Hard Ticks - Overseas|''Rhipicephalus'']] as a vector and is spreading northwards through Europe
 
***''B. gibsoni'' is now established in the USA and South-East Asia
 
***''B. gibsoni'' is now established in the USA and South-East Asia
 
**British dogs have no immunity as no species are endemic to the UK so are highly susceptible if taken abroad
 
**British dogs have no immunity as no species are endemic to the UK so are highly susceptible if taken abroad
**Prevention of [[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks|tick]] bites by use of an 'Amitraz' collar is currently the best method of protection
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**Prevention of [[Ticks|tick]] bites by use of an 'Amitraz' collar is currently the best method of protection
    
*Horses
 
*Horses
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*Low rate of transmission
 
*Low rate of transmission
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*Few infected [[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks|ticks]]  
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*Few infected [[Ticks|ticks]]  
    
*Infrequent exposure
 
*Infrequent exposure
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'''Pathogenicity'''
 
'''Pathogenicity'''
*[[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks|Ticks]] are implicated as the natural vector for ''Cytauxzoon''
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*[[Ticks|Ticks]] are implicated as the natural vector for ''Cytauxzoon''
 
**Most cases of infection have been associated with the presence of these parasites on the hosts
 
**Most cases of infection have been associated with the presence of these parasites on the hosts
 
**Experimentally, ''Dermacentor variabilis'' can transmit the organism from bobcats to domestic cats.  In a white tiger that developed a natural, fatal infection in Florida, two female Lone Star ticks (''Amblyomma americanum'') were present on the inguinal skin.   
 
**Experimentally, ''Dermacentor variabilis'' can transmit the organism from bobcats to domestic cats.  In a white tiger that developed a natural, fatal infection in Florida, two female Lone Star ticks (''Amblyomma americanum'') were present on the inguinal skin.   
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***Severe, proliferative lymphatic disease of cattle
 
***Severe, proliferative lymphatic disease of cattle
 
***Central and Eastern Africa
 
***Central and Eastern Africa
***Transmitted by [[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks#Ticks of Veterinary Importance|''Rhipicephalus appendiculatus'']]
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***Transmitted by [[Hard Ticks - Overseas|''Rhipicephalus appendiculatus'']]
***[[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks#Disease Transmission|Trans-stadial]] transmission
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***[[Ticks#Disease Transmission|Trans-stadial]] transmission
    
*Other ''Theileria'' species cause production losses in cattle and sheep in the Middle East, Mediterranean and in Northern Africa
 
*Other ''Theileria'' species cause production losses in cattle and sheep in the Middle East, Mediterranean and in Northern Africa
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**Pyrexia
 
**Pyrexia
 
**Enlarged local [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph node]]
 
**Enlarged local [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph node]]
***Usually parotid [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph node]] as [[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks#Ticks of Veterinary Importance|''Rhipicephalus appendiculatus'']] feeds in the ear
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***Usually parotid [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph node]] as [[Hard Ticks - Overseas|''Rhipicephalus appendiculatus'']] feeds in the ear
 
**Loss of condition
 
**Loss of condition
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'''Control'''
 
'''Control'''
 
*Integrated control of both the [[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks|tick vector]] and disease
 
*Integrated control of both the [[Suborder: Metastigmata, ticks|tick vector]] and disease
**[[Vaccines - WikiBlood|Vaccination]] and [[ectoparasiticides]]
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**[[Vaccines - WikiBlood|Vaccination]] and [[Ectoparasiticides]]
    
*Current [[Vaccines - WikiBlood|vaccination]] is live unattentuated  
 
*Current [[Vaccines - WikiBlood|vaccination]] is live unattentuated  
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