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| | + | == [[Strongyles]] (Red worms) == |
| | + | The strongyles that occur in the horse can be divided on the basis of size into two groups |
| | + | *[[Large Strongyles|'''Large''' strongyles]] |
| | + | **''[[Strongylus]]'' species (3 species; used to be widespread prior to the introduction of worm control programmes; now uncommon) |
| | + | **''[[Triodontophorus]]'' species (common) |
| | + | *'''Small''' strongyles |
| | + | **Also known as [[Cyathostomins]] (preferred term), cyathostomes, trichonemes or small redworms |
| | + | **Cyathostomins (widespread, including 4 genera and over 40 species of worms) |
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| − | === Large strongyles ===
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| − | ==== Morphology ====
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| − | '''Gross'''
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| − | *Stout worms, 1.5-5cm long
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| − | *Large buccal capsule
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| − | *Bursa visible to the naked eye (male worms only)
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| − |
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| − | '''Microscopic''' (buccal capsule)
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| − | *Double row of leaf crowns
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| − | *Teeth (0, 2, 3 or more)
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| − | *Dorsal gutter (channel for secretions)
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| − |
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| − | ==== Life-cycle ====
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| − | Infection with all three ''Strongylus'' species and ''Triodontophorus'' is by ingestion of infective stage larvae (L3) at grazing. Larvae pass down the intestinal tract and penetrate the intestinal mucosa at which point there are important species differences in life-cycle.
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| − | ==== Pathogenicity ====
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| − | '''Adult Worms''':
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| − | *Plug feeders
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| − | *''Strongylus'' species:
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| − | **Large buccal capsule
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| − | **Penetrate right down to the muscularis layer and blood vessels
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| − | **Leaves small circular bleeding ulcers → anaemia if present in large numbers
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| − | *''Triodontophorus'':
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| − | **Smaller buccal capsule
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| − | **More superficial damage
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| − | **May feed in "herds", leaving large ulcers, several centimetres across
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| − | *Ulcers heal and leave scars
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| − | '''Pathogenesis of infection with ''Strongylus'' species larvae''':
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| − | *''S. vulgaris'':
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| − | **Potentially highly pathogenic
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| − | **Damage to cranial mesenteric artery → endarteritis → thrombosis and possibly embolism → colic
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| − | *Other ''Strongylus'' species :
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| − | **Relatively non-pathogenic
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| − | **Migration of ''S. edentatus'' and ''S. equinus'' confined to roomy tissues (e.g. mesentery, liver)
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| − | ==== Verminous endarteritis ====
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| − | *Caused by larvae of ''S. vulgaris'' within the cranial mesenteric artery
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| − | *Also called "verminous aneurism" (misnomer as aneurism = dilatation/thinning of blood vessel wall; also, aneurisms are rare)
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| − | *Wall of artery grossly thickened (organising thrombi, inflammatory responses)
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| − | *Can be detected on rectal palpation
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| − | *Many cases asymptomatic
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| − | *May get embolism → infarction of areas of intestinal wall → colic or chronic ulceration (note: generally good collateral circulation; therefore colic is not inevitable)
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| − | *Aberrant larvae may cause thrombosis in other arteries; e.g. iliac, cerebral, coronary
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| − | *Avermectin/milbemycins or fenbendazole are used to control migrating ''S. vulgaris'' larvae
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