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+=== ''PARAFILARIA'' SPECIES ===
+==== General ====
+*Filarial nematode (<6cm long).
+*Subcutaneous nodules and intermuscular connective tissue.
+*Found in warmer countries (Asia, Africa, Europe, South America; UK in imported horses only).
+
+==== Life-Cycle ====
+*Indirect LC, horn fly (''Haematobia'') intermediate host.
+*Female worms perforate nodules and lay eggs on skin surface; hatch to L1.
+*Fly ingests L1 during feeding, develops to L3 inside fly.
+*New host infected when fly feeds on skin wound, L3 enters and matures to adult worm.
+*Prepatent period = 8-10months.
+
+==== Pathogenicity ====
+*Female worm punctures skin to lay eggs - bleeding points ("sweating blood"); most active in warm weather after horse exercised.
+*Lesions only temporary, though reappear the following spring (worms live several years).
[[Category:Filarioidea]]
[[Category:Filarioidea]]
+[[Category:Horse_Nematodes]]