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*Transmission from bitch to pups occurs during grooming via transfer of sputum.
*Transmission from bitch to pups occurs during grooming via transfer of sputum.
*Horizontal transmission rarely, if ever, happens.
*Horizontal transmission rarely, if ever, happens.
*Infection is usually asymptomatic, but if symptoms are present, there is a chronic, dry, debilitating cough - performance of greyhounds may be affected.[[Category:Metastrongyloidea]][[Category:Dog_Nematodes]]
*Infection is usually asymptomatic, but if symptoms are present, there is a chronic, dry, debilitating cough - performance of greyhounds may be affected.
=== ''Filaroides'' Infections ===
*''F. osleri'' is usually associated with particular boarding kennels.
*Diagnosis and treatment are difficult.
*The Baermann apparatus is used to recover L1 from faeces.
*Larvae are, however, few in number and have sluggish movements.
*They may, therefore, be very difficult to demonstrate in faeces or sputum.
*Endoscopy (to visualise the tracheal nodules) is often required to confirm diagnosis.
[[Category:Metastrongyloidea]][[Category:Dog_Nematodes]]