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| − | {{review}}
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Respiratory Bacterial Infections]] |
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| − | {{toplink
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| − | |backcolour = D1EEEE
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| − | |linkpage =Cardiorespiratory System - Pathology
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| − | |linktext =Cardiorespiratory System
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| − | |maplink = Cardiorespiratory System (Content Map) - Pathology
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| − | |pagetype =Pathology
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| − | |sublink1=Respiratory System Inflammation - Pathology
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| − | |subtext1=RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INFLAMMATION
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| − | }}
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| − | <br>
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| − | ==In general==
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| − | | |
| − | *Main clinical expression is as secondary invaders of previously damaged lung tissue due to viral or parasitic involvement or environmental stress
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| − | *Some are initial pathogens in their own right while others can damage the tract allowing invasion by more pathogenic types
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| − | | |
| − | ==In Dogs==
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| − | | |
| − | ===Infectious canine tracheitis===
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| − | | |
| − | *See [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#In Dogs|Infectious canine tracheitis]]
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| − | *Synonym: '''Kennel cough'''
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| − | *Multiple agents implicated
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| − | | |
| − | ===Tuberculosis in dogs===
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| − | | |
| − | *Dogs are rarely susceptible to [[Mycobacteria spp.|''Mycobacterium'' spp.]] causing tuberculosis [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|in cattle]], usually either from human or farm animal source
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| − | *Gross pathology:
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| − | **Multifocal nodules, firm, calcified with necrotic centres
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| − | **Usually caudal lung lobes
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| − | **Also [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|granulomatous pleuritis]] and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Degenerative - Pathology#Haemothorax|haemothorax]]
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| − | | |
| − | ===Nocardiosis===
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| − | | |
| − | *Caused by ''[[:Category:Nocardia]]''
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| − | *Grossly:
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| − | **Haemorrhagic purulent exudate in [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleural cavity]]
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| − | **Yellow granules on pleural surface
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| − | *Possibly caused by penetrating awns of grass
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| − | *Mainly in sporting breeds
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| − | | |
| − | ==In Cats==
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| − | | |
| − | ===Feline Chlamydiosis===
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| − | | |
| − | *Persistent respiratory infection caused by [[Chlamydophila psittaci|''Chlamydia psittaci (felis)'']]
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| − | *Mild conjunctivitis, serous purulent [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] and conjunctivitis, in severe cases mild [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]] - feline pneumonitis
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| − | | |
| − | ===[[Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma felis'']]===
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| − | | |
| − | *Can also cause mild respiratory infection
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| − | | |
| − | ==In Horses==
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| − | *[http://www.ivis.org/special_books/Lekeux/chanter/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1 Overview of equine respiratory disease] by N Chanter of the Animal Health Trust, taken from Equine respiratory diseases edited by P Lekeux. Chapters of this book are published by the International Veterinary Information Service (IVIS)
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| − | | |
| − | ===Strangles===
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| − | | |
| − | *Caused by very pathogenic [[Streptococci|''Streptococcus equi subsp. equi'']]
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| − | *Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx
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| − | *''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic
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| − | *Typically [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|suppurative rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|pharyngitis]] and '''lymphadenitis''' of the lymph nodes of the head and neck that drain the upper respiratory tract, these lymph nodes often rupture and discharge pus 2-3 weeks after the onset of infection
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| − | *Infection with ''Streptococcus equi'' occurs after contact with contaminated feed, water bowls or an infected carrier [[Hindgut Fermenters - Horse - Anatomy & Physiology|horse]]
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| − | *Organism remains viable in environment for months
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| − | *Possibility of other sources of infection - in pharynx of in-contact dogs?, guttural pouches of persistently infected horses
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| − | *Attaches to nasopharyngeal epithelial cells, then mucosa, lymphatics and lymph nodes
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| − | *Multiplies extra-cellularly
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| − | *Gross pathology
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| − | **Initial bilateral nasal discharge, serous becoming purulent
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| − | **Catarrhal conjunctivitis may be present
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| − | *Less frequently, complications can occur as follows :
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| − | **Purulent inflammation may extent to [[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|guttural pouches]] or [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|lungs]], [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]
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| − | **Bacteraemia with metastatic abscesses - most often to the mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes, less frequently, other organs such as [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]], kidney and brain can be involved - '''Bastard strangles'''
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| − | **Retropharyngeal abscesses can rupture onto the skin of neck or into the [[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|guttural pouch]] resulting in '''guttural pouch empyema or chondroid formation''' - carrier state
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| − | **[[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|'''Purpura haemorrhagica''']]: an acute vasculitis causing urticaria and extensive oedema of ventrum, head and distal limbs
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| − | **[[Larynx Degenerative - Pathology#Laryngeal hemiplegia|Laryngeal hemiplegia]] due to enlarged retropharyngeal lymph nodes
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| − | **Compression of cranial nerves
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| − | | |
| − | *Interview with Professors Josh Slater and Ken Smith providing an interesting insight into the pathogenesis, prevalence and possible prevention of ''Streptococcus equi'' infections in horses - listen to [http://www.rvc.ac.uk/Review/Podcasts/RVC_Podcast_12.m4a Strangles podcast]
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| − | | |
| − | ===''Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus''===
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| − | *Causative agent [[Streptococci|''Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus'']]
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| − | *Can infect the respiratory tract ([[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|nasal cavity]], [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|paranasal sinuses]], [[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of tracheitis|trachea]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchi/bronchioles]])
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| − | *URT infection can be indistinguishable clinically from Strangles, but does not cause suppurative lymphadenitis (cf: ''S.equi subsp. equi'')
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| − | | |
| − | ===Glanders===
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| − | | |
| − | *Caused by [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia species|''Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) mallei'']]
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| − | *Exists in eastern Europe and Asia
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| − | *Notifiable in UK
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| − | *Characterised by multiple small submucosal [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|nasal nodules]] which liquefy and ulcerate
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| − | **Cores of [[Neutrophils - WikiBlood|neutrophils]] surrounded by a rim of macrophages and [[Chronic Inflammation - Pathology#Granulation tissue|granulation tissue]]
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| − | *In addition may have similar nodules in [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|lungs]], '''lymph nodes''' and '''cutaneous lymphatics'''
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| − | *Clinical signs: fever and head/ neck lymphadenitis, [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]]
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| − | | |
| − | ===''Rhodococcus equi''===
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| − | [[Image:Pyogranulomatous lungs due to Rhodococcus Equi.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Pyogranulomatous lesions due to Rhodococcus equi (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | | |
| − | *Causative agent [[Rhodococcus equi|''Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi'']]
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| − | *Important cause of sever, often fatal [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Granulomatous pneumonia|granulomatous]] [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] in foals
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| − | *Clinical signs include depression, cough, weight loss, respiratory distress, diarrhoea, arthritis, subcutaneous abscesses
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| − | *Bacterium survives phagocytosis and multiplies
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| − | *Bacterial toxins -> caseous necrosis in lungs -> attracts inflammatory cells -> pyogranulomatous pneumonia
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| − | *Grossly:
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| − | **Multiple firm nodules, usually no encapsulation
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| − | **Partial [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis (Collapse)|atelectasis]]
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| − | *Histologically:
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| − | **Pyogranulomatous lesions
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| − | **Macrophages with ingested microorganisms in the alveoli
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| − | **Necrosis spreading through parenchyma
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| − | | |
| − | ==In Cattle==
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| − | | |
| − | ===Necrotic laryngitis===
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| − | [[Image:Necrotising laryngitis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Necrotising laryngitis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | [[Image:Tracheitis in calf diphtheria.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Tracheitis in calf diphtheria (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | | |
| − | *Synonyms: '''laryngeal diphtheria, calf diphtheria'''
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| − | *Common disease in cattle, and can occur in swine
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| − | *Caused by infection with [[Fusobacterium|''Fusobacterium necrophorum'']]
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| − | *Lesions may also be found in other parts of the [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|oropharynx]]
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| − | *The bacterium usually gains entry through damaged mucosal surfaces e.g. after viral infections or injury following (poor!) use of dosing guns, coarse poor quality roughage
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| − | *Results in severe acute neutrophilic [[Larynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of laryngitis|laryngitis]]
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| − | *Extensive accumulation of fibrin and necrotic cellular debris on the ulcerated mucosal surface
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| − | *Lesions appear as dry plaques of fibrinonecrotic exudate and ulceration on the laryngeal mucosa
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| − | *Inhalation of exudate and bacterial organisms may cause [[Bronchi Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
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| − | *Death may result from toxaemia or asphyxiation
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| − | *Also may occur in pigs
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| − | | |
| − | ===''CAR bacillus''===
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| − | | |
| − | *Causative agent: [[Bacillus species|''Cillia-associated respiratory bacillus'']]
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| − | *An unclassified bacteria that can't be grown in culture
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| − | *Colonises ciliated epithelium in '''rodents''' and ruminants
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| − | *Associated with [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|chronic lymphocytic rhinitis]], [[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheitis]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]]
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| − | *Clinical disease in '''rabbits''' and '''rodents'''
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| − | *Subclinical disease in ruminants
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| − | | |
| − | ===Pneumonic pasteurellosis===
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| − | | |
| − | *Synonym: '''Shipping fever'''
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| − | *Caused by [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Manheimia haemolytica'' biotype A serotype 1 (90%) and ''Pasteurella multocida'']]
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| − | *In young, growing cattle
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| − | *In clinically normal cattle ''Mann. haemolytica'' serotype 2 is present in low numbers, only in nasal cavity and tonsils
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| − | *Clinical signs: depression, anorexia, rapid shallow respiration, crusty nose with mucopurulent discharge, serous ocular discharge
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| − | *Acute [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchopneumonia]] and may progress to [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Lobar pneumonia|lobar pneumonia]] with toxaemia
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| − | *Pathology
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| − | **Lobar, cranioventral exudative pneumonia with fibrin, [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|fibrinous pleuritis]], areas of coagulative necrosis
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| − | *Histology
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| − | **Large numbers of bacteria are usually associated with necrotic lesions
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| − | | |
| − | ===Tuberculosis===
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| − | [[Image:Tuberculosis M bovis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Tuberculosis caused by ''M. bovis'' (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | | |
| − | *Caused by [[Mycobacteria spp.|''Mycobacteruim bovis'' and ''M. tuberculosis'']]
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| − | *Reside primarily within macrophages where they multiply and result in characteristic [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Granulomatous pneumonia|granulomatous inflammation]] (macrophages and giant cells, epithelioid cells)
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| − | *Cattle can be infected by inhalation of the organism or through milk
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| − | *'''The primary complex'''
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| − | **Describes the initial focus of infection at the portal of entry (lungs) plus involvement of regional lymph nodes
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| − | **90% of cases exhibit the pulmonary form
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| − | **Grossly:
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| − | ***Small tubercles in dorsocaudal subpleural areas which progress to larger confluent areas of caseous necrosis
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| − | ***Usually start at bronchio-alveolar junction an progress to the alveoli
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| − | ***Caseous lesions, may calcify or be encapsulated
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| − | ***Multiple foci may coalesce
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| − | ***Ulcers in [[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology|trachea]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchi]] due to coughed up bacteria
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| − | ***Spreads into [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleura]]
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| − | **Microscopically:
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| − | ***Typical granulomatous inflammation
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| − | ***Epitheliod and giant cells at centre of tubercles
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| − | ****Macrophages with ingested bacteria, forming epithelioid cells - large vesicular nuclei, abundant pale cytoplasm
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| − | ****Giant cells, formed by fusion of macrophages, with multiple nuclei
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| − | ***Narrow layer of lymphocytes, mononuclear cells and plasma cells at the periphery of the tubercle
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| − | ***With time, peripheral fibroplasia and central necrosis develop
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| − | *If the infection is not contained in the primary complex described above, the mycobacteria can disseminate via lymphatics to other organs and lymph nodes
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| − | *This can allow the development of '''miliary tuberculosis''', i.e. numerous small foci of infection in many organs/ tissues
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| − | | |
| − | ===Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)===
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| − | [[Image:Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | | |
| − | *Caused by [[Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma mycoides'']], small colony variant
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| − | *Causes a fibrinonecrotic [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|fibrinous pleuritis]]
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| − | *Also affects caudodorsal areas
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| − | *[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|Bronchopneumonia]] -> [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Lobar pneumonia|lobar pneumonia]]
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| − | *Sequestra are common
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| − | *NB: similarity to pneumonic pasteurellosis but CBPP has more pronounced marbled effect
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| − | *Interstitial septa are markedly widened by fibrinous exudate and the necrotic areas may have a fibrous capsule
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| − | *Large colony variant will cause a similar disease in goats
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| − | | |
| − | ===Enzootic pneumonia of calves===
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| − | [[Image:Acute suppurative pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Acute suppurative pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | [[Image:Calf pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Calf pneumonia - chronic, with abscesses, fibrosis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | | |
| − | *Range of infectious agents together with managemental and environmental stress cause damage to the respiratory tract
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| − | *Causes unthriftiness in animals < 6 months old
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| − | *Usually the primary pathogen is a virus, secondary pathogens are bacteria and mycoplasmas
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| − | *Pathogens:
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| − | **[[Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasmas'']]
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| − | ***Mycoplasmal [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] and [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] of calves is an important component of the syndrome of enzootic pneumonia
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| − | ***On its own causes Mycoplasmal ("Cuffing") pneumonia responsible for [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis and bronchiolitis]] and [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
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| − | ***It is thought to pick up host antigens in order to prevent recognition by the body defences as foreign
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| − | ***In uncomplicated mycoplasma infection, the lesions are generally mild and consist of patchy red/purple areas of [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis|atelectasis]] in the '''cranio-ventral lung lobes'''
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| − | ***More confluent areas can develop with an underlying bronchointestitial pneumonia and resulting atelectasis
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| − | ***''M. bovis''
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| − | ****Most pathogenic
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| − | ****Widespread lymphofollicular accumulations which contain germinal centres develop more slowly
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| − | ****These lesions can result in narrowing of the bronchiolar lumina - this is the classical lesion of '''‘cuffing pneumonia’'''
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| − | ***''M. dispar''
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| − | ***''Ureaplasma'' sp.
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| − | **Viruses
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| − | ***[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Respiratory syncytial virus|Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)]] - can be primary, causes suppression of pulmonary immune response
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| − | ***[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Parainfluenza- 3|Parainfluenza- 3 (PI3)]] - can be primary, causes suppression of pulmonary immune response
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| − | ***[[Flaviviridae|Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV)]] - suppression of pulmonary immune response
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| − | ***[[Adenoviridae|Adenoviruses]]
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| − | ***[[Coronaviridae|Calf coronavirus]]
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| − | ***[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)|Bovine herpes viruses]]
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| − | **Bacteria
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| − | ***[[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Manheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica'' serotype A1]]
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| − | ***[[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella multocida'']]
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| − | ***[[Arcanobacter pyogenes|''Arcanobacter pyogenes'']]
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| − | ***[[Haemophilus species|''Haemophilus sommus'']]
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| − | *All transmitted by aerosol and direct contact
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| − | *Gross pathology:
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| − | **Consolidation of the cranioventral areas which increases in volume with duration
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| − | **On cut surface, exudate in the main airway of affected lobules with thickening of the surrounding connective tissue
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| − | *Micro pathology:
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| − | **Substantial lymphoid tissue around the airways
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| − | **Even to proper follicle formation, some of which may be large enough to compress the lumen
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| − | **Mixed cell exudate in the airway lumen
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| − | **Partial alveolar collapse distal to the compression
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| − | **Alveolar exudate contains a mixture of inflammatory cells
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| − | **Slight thickening of the alveolar walls with lymphocytes
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| − | | |
| − | ===Acute exudative pneumonia===
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| − | | |
| − | *[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|Pneumonia]] in very young calves
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| − | *[[Arcanobacter pyogenes|''Arcanobacter pyogenes'']] is most frequently isolated
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| − | *Cranio-ventral distribution
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| − | | |
| − | ==In Sheep==
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| − | | |
| − | ===Laryngeal chondritis===
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| − | [[Image:Oedema and chondritis in larynx of sheep.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Oedema and chondritis in larynx of sheep (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | | |
| − | *Caused by [[Fusobacterium|''Fusobacterium necrophorum'']]
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| − | *[[Larynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of laryngitis|Infection of laryngeal cartilages]]
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| − | *Can be seen in short-necked breed, e.g. Texels, East Friesians and Southdowns
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| − | *Leads to extreme respiratory distress
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| − | *Laryngeal mucosa is necrotic and ulcerated
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| − | *Associated with [[Larynx Degenerative - Pathology#Laryngeal oedema|laryngeal oedema]]
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| − | *Also may occur in young [[Hindgut Fermenters - Horse - Anatomy & Physiology|horses]] and calves
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| − | | |
| − | ===''CAR bacillus''===
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| − | | |
| − | *As [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#CAR bacillus|in cattle]]
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| − | | |
| − | ===Enzootic pneumonia of lambs===
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| − | | |
| − | *Caused by [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella (Manheimia) haemolytica'']], possibly together with [[Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae'']]
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| − | *Mainly in late spring/early summer after environmental stress i.e. handling or moving
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| − | *May be acute with producing a fibrinonecrotic [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and associated [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]]
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| − | *Or tending towards chronicity with abscessation and fibrous pleural adhesions
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| − | *A septicaemic form (mortality 5%) is reported to follow the stress of movement to new pasture in the autumn in weaned lambs.
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| − | *Foci of necrosis containing many bacteria are seen at the site of initial invasion in the pharynx and in the '''[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]'''
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| − | *Meningitis in young lambs and mastitis in ewes are other expressions
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| − | | |
| − | ===Melioidosis (Pseudoglanders)===
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| − | | |
| − | *Caused by [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia species|''Pseudomonas (Malleomyces) pseudomallei'']], Closely related to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Glanders|''P. mallei'']] in [[Hindgut Fermenters - Horse - Anatomy & Physiology|horses]]
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| − | *Causes disease in sheep, goats and pigs, occasionally other species
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| − | *Starts as a pyemia and localises in varius tissues, including the lung as abscessation
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| − | **Encapsulated abscesses contain yellow, caseous or creamy pus
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| − | *[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|Pneumonia]] and arthritis are the most common presentation
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| − | | |
| − | ==In Pigs==
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| − | | |
| − | ===Atrophic Rhinitis===
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| − | [[Image:Severe atrophic rhinitis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Severe atrophic rhinitis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | | |
| − | *Atrophy of nasal turbinates and distortion and shortening of the snout
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| − | *Caused by co-infection of the nasal mucosa with
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| − | **[[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']]
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| − | ***Appears to facilitate colonisation of nasal epithelium by the toxigenic ''Pasteurella''
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| − | **Toxin-producing strain of [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|
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| − | ''Pasteurella multocida'']] capsular type D (or sometimes A)
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| − | ***Experimental evidence shows that the toxin acts directly on bone cells of the nasal turbinates to cause bone loss, each pathogen can cause atrophy itself but greater damage when together
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| − | *Exacerbated by adverse dietary and managemental factors
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| − | *In rapidly growing young pigs (4-12 weeks old)
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| − | *Clinical signs
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| − | **Progressive facial deformity with [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], catarrhal nasal discharge
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| − | **Sneezing, coughing, can progress to dyspnoea and anorexia
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| − | | |
| − | *Gross pathology
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| − | **Overlying skin on shortened snout is thrown into folds
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| − | **Deviation of the snout to most affected side
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| − | **Various loss of turbinate bone, ventral usually more affected
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| − | **Deviation of nasal septum away from affected chamber
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| − | **Inflammatory, haemorrhagic and ulcerative lesions in the nasal mucosa
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| − | *Micro pathology
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| − | **Reduction in the amount of bone in the turbinates
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| − | **No osteoid laid down between osteoblasts and existing bone
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| − | **Increased fibrous tissue
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| − | **Non-specific mucosal inflammation
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| − | | |
| − | *2 forms of the disease
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| − | **''''Progressive' atrophic rhinitis'''
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| − | ***Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by P.multocida strains carrying the toxA gene that encodes for an osteolytic toxin. [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''P.multocida'']] adheres poorly to mucous membranes, and therefore requires a predisposing nasal insult to assist colonisation eg: co-infection with [[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''B.bronchoseptica'']] or [[Cytomegalovirus|Porcine cytomegalovirus (inclusion body rhinitis)]]
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| − | ***Turbinate bone atrophy is permanent and progressive
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| − | **''''Non-progressive' atrophic rhinitis'''
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| − | ***Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by [[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''B.bronchoseptica'']] strains alone, that carry a gene that encodes for a dermonecrotic toxin.
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| − | ***Turbinate bone can regenerate by the time of slaughter
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| − | | |
| − | *[[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']] also causes [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
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| − | | |
| − | ===Necrotic laryngitis in pigs===
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| − | *As [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Cattle|in cattle]]
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| − | *Caused by infection with [[Fusobacterium|''Fusobacterium necrophorum'']]
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| − | | |
| − | ===Enzootic pneumonia of pigs===
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| − | [[Image:Enzootic pneumonia of pigs.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Enzootic pneumonia of pigs(Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | | |
| − | *Caused by [[Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae'']] and [[Mycoplasmas|''M. hyorhinis'']]
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| − | *Also called '''mycoplasmal pneumonia'''
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| − | *Major cause of unthriftiness in young pigs
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| − | *[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|Pneumonia]] in weaned pigs
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| − | *Cough, reduced growth rate
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| − | *Attached to cilia - no [[Respiratory System General Introduction - Pathology#Mucociliary escalator|mucociliary clearance]]
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| − | *Usually non-fatal unless there is secondary infection (e.g. [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella multocida'']])
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| − | *Gross pathology:
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| − | **Confluent consolidation of the cranioventral lung lobes
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| − | **In other areas there may be small red to grey focal lesions evident which indicate the bronchiolar orientation of the inflammatory process
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| − | *Histologically
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| − | **Changes result from a catarrhal [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
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| − | **In chronic cases, prominent accumulations of lymphoid cells can be seen around airways and blood vessels
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| − | | |
| − | ===''Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae''===
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| − | | |
| − | *Causative agent: ''[[Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae]]''
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| − | *Expolsive outbreaks of [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
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| − | *Spread by direct contact and aerosol
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| − | *Lesions
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| − | **Largely from toxin produced
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| − | **In diphragmatic lobes of the lungs
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| − | *Haemorrhage with [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|fibrinous pleuritis]]
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| − | *Usually localised, sometimes generalised
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| − | | |
| − | ===Pasteurellosis in pigs===
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| − | | |
| − | *[[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella multocida'']] can cause a severe acute fibrinous [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] in pigs
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| − | *The most significant disease here is that caused by ''P. multocida'' secondary to underlying [[Mycoplasmas|''mycoplasma'' pneumonia]], see above [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of pigs|enzootic pneumonia of pigs]]
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| − | **This results in chronic suppurative [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchopneumonia]] with abscessation and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]]
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| − | *If there is considerable pleural involvement, it may be indistinguishable from lesions caused by ''Haemophilus pleuropneumonia'' (below)
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| − | *Also isolated from cases of meningitis and septicaemia in piglets
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| − | | |
| − | ===Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia===
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| − | | |
| − | *Caused by [[Haemophilus species|''Haemophilus (Actinobacillus) pleuropneumonia'']]
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| − | *Seen mainly between 6wks-6mths of age but will affect any age
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| − | *Highly pathogenic strains are capable of initiating disease on their own with high mortality in young pigs
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| − | *A fibrinonecrotic [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] with [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleurisy]]
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| − | *Foci of haemorrhagic consolidation or necrosis, mainly around major bronchi, tend to sequestrate
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| − | *Tending to spread throughout all lung lobes: therefore a cranioventral distribution may not be particularly evident
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| − | | |
| − | ===Glasser's disease===
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| − | | |
| − | *Caused by [[Haemophilus species|''Haemophilus parasuis'']]
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| − | *May cause suppurative [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]] (as part of polyserositis)
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| − | *Stress of mixing, weaning and adverse environmental conditions are predisposing to the disease
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| − | | |
| − | ===Streptococcal pneumonia===
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| − | | |
| − | *Caused by [[Streptococci|''Streptococcus suis'' type II]]
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| − | *Zoonotic
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| − | *Carried in nasal cavity and lymph nodes of healthy pigs
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| − | *Some serotypes may cause [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Embolic pneumonia|embolic pneumonia]], others suppurative or fibrinous [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]], often in combination with other bacteria
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| − | | |
| − | ===Tuberculosis in pigs===
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| − | | |
| − | *Pigs are susceptible to the [[Mycobacteria spp.|''Mycobacterium'' spp.]] causing tuberculosis [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|in cattle]]
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| − | *Rarely extends to lungs after haematogenous spread from ingested bacteria causing tubercles with various degrees of calcification, encapsulation and caseation
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| − | | |
| − | ==In Rabbits==
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| − | | |
| − | ===Snuffles===
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| − | | |
| − | *Caused by [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella multocida'']], less commonly and/or [[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''B.bronchoseptica'']]
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| − | *Clinical signs (nasal discharge, sneezing) result from an acute to chronic [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|rhinitis]]
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| − | | |
| − | ===''CAR bacillus''===
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| − | | |
| − | *As [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#CAR bacillus|in cattle]]
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