Changes

==Description==

==Description==

'''Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis''' is characterised by acute [[Stomach and Abomasum Consequences of Gastric Disease - Pathology|vomiting]] and [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]].  Gastrointestinal integrity is loss, resulting in a rapid movement of blood, fluid and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen.  The aetiology is unknown but it may relate to ''[[Clostridium species#C. perfringens type A|Clostridium perfringens]]'' enterotoxicosis or an immune-mediated reaction.  There is usually no history of garbage, chemical or foreign body ingestion.

'''Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis''' is characterised by acute [[Stomach and Abomasum Consequences of Gastric Disease - Pathology|vomiting]] and [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]].  Gastrointestinal integrity is loss, resulting in a rapid movement of blood, fluid and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen.  The aetiology is unknown but it may relate to ''[[:Category:Enteropathogenic and Enterotoxaemic Clostridia|Clostridium perfringens]]'' enterotoxicosis or an immune-mediated reaction.  There is usually no history of garbage, chemical or foreign body ingestion.

   

   

====Other Tests====

====Other Tests====

*Faecal cytology may reveal red blood cells, occasional white blood cells, ''[[Clostridium species#C. perfringens type A|Clostridium perfringens]]'' spores or enterotoxin.  ''[[Clostridium species#C. perfringens type A|Clostridium perfringens]]'' spores or enterotoxin can be found in a normal dog, therefore care has to be taken not to over-interpret this.

*Faecal cytology may reveal red blood cells, occasional white blood cells, ''[[:Category:Enteropathogenic and Enterotoxaemic Clostridia|Clostridium perfringens]]'' spores or enterotoxin.  ''[[:Category:Enteropathogenic and Enterotoxaemic Clostridia|Clostridium perfringens]]'' spores or enterotoxin can be found in a normal dog, therefore care has to be taken not to over-interpret this.

**[[Colloids|Colloidal]] or plasma are recommended to replace the intravascular deficit due to loss of protein, followed by [[Crystalloids|crystalloids]] to complete rehydration.

**[[Colloids|Colloidal]] or plasma are recommended to replace the intravascular deficit due to loss of protein, followed by [[Crystalloids|crystalloids]] to complete rehydration.

**Clinical improvements should be noted within a few hours but resolution of clinical signs may take a few days.

**Clinical improvements should be noted within a few hours but resolution of clinical signs may take a few days.

*A broad spectrum antimicrobials such as [[Penicillins|ampicillin]] combined with [[Fluoroquinolones|fluoroquinolone]] are appropriate against ''[[Clostridium species#C. perfringens type A|Clostridium perfringens]]''.  This is recommended to be given empirically.

*A broad spectrum antimicrobials such as [[Penicillins|ampicillin]] combined with [[Fluoroquinolones|fluoroquinolone]] are appropriate against ''[[:Category:Enteropathogenic and Enterotoxaemic Clostridia|Clostridium perfringens]]''.  This is recommended to be given empirically.

*Initially, Nil Per Os should be implemented.  Once vomiting has stopped a bland and highly digestible diet such as chicken and rice can be introduced.

*Initially, Nil Per Os should be implemented.  Once vomiting has stopped a bland and highly digestible diet such as chicken and rice can be introduced.