Changes

*Atrophy of nasal turbinates and distortion and shortening of the snout   

*Atrophy of nasal turbinates and distortion and shortening of the snout   

*Caused by co-infection of the nasal mucosa with  

*Caused by co-infection of the nasal mucosa with  

**[[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']]

**''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]''  

***Appears to facilitate colonisation of nasal epithelium by the toxigenic ''Pasteurella''

***Appears to facilitate colonisation of nasal epithelium by the toxigenic ''Pasteurella''

**Toxin-producing strain of [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|

**Toxin-producing strain of [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|

*2 forms of the disease

*2 forms of the disease

**''''Progressive' atrophic rhinitis'''

**''''Progressive' atrophic rhinitis'''

***Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by P.multocida strains carrying the toxA gene that encodes for an osteolytic toxin. [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''P.multocida'']] adheres poorly to mucous membranes, and therefore requires a predisposing nasal insult to assist colonisation eg: co-infection with [[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''B.bronchiseptica'']] or [[Cytomegalovirus|Porcine cytomegalovirus (inclusion body rhinitis)]]

***Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by P.multocida strains carrying the toxA gene that encodes for an osteolytic toxin. [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''P.multocida'']] adheres poorly to mucous membranes, and therefore requires a predisposing nasal insult to assist colonisation eg: co-infection with [[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''B.bronchiseptica'']] or [[Cytomegalovirus|Porcine cytomegalovirus (inclusion body rhinitis)]]

***Turbinate bone atrophy is permanent and progressive

***Turbinate bone atrophy is permanent and progressive

**''''Non-progressive' atrophic rhinitis'''

**''''Non-progressive' atrophic rhinitis'''

***Turbinate bone can regenerate by the time of slaughter

***Turbinate bone can regenerate by the time of slaughter

*[[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']] also causes [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]

*''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]'' also causes [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]

===Necrotic laryngitis in pigs===

===Necrotic laryngitis in pigs===