Changes

*Synonym: '''Shipping fever'''

*Synonym: '''Shipping fever'''

*Caused by [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Manheimia haemolytica'' biotype A serotype 1 (90%) and ''Pasteurella multocida'']]

*Caused by [[Mannheimia haemolytica|''Manheimia haemolytica'' biotype A serotype 1 (90%)]] and ''[[Pasteurella multocida]]''

*In young, growing cattle

*In young, growing cattle

*In clinically normal cattle ''Mann. haemolytica'' serotype 2 is present in low numbers, only in nasal cavity and tonsils

*In clinically normal cattle ''Mann. haemolytica'' serotype 2 is present in low numbers, only in nasal cavity and tonsils

***[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)|Bovine herpes viruses]]

***[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)|Bovine herpes viruses]]

**Bacteria

**Bacteria

***[[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Manheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica'' serotype A1]]

***[[Mannheimia haemolytica|''Manheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica'' serotype A1]]

***[[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella multocida'']]

***[[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']]

***[[Arcanobacter pyogenes|''Arcanobacter pyogenes'']]

***[[Arcanobacter pyogenes|''Arcanobacter pyogenes'']]

***''[[Haemophilus somnus]]''

***''[[Haemophilus somnus]]''

===Enzootic pneumonia of lambs===

===Enzootic pneumonia of lambs===

*Caused by [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella (Manheimia) haemolytica'']], possibly together with [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae'']]

*Caused by [[Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella (Manheimia) haemolytica'']], possibly together with [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae'']]

*Mainly in late spring/early summer after environmental stress i.e. handling or moving

*Mainly in late spring/early summer after environmental stress i.e. handling or moving

*May be acute with producing a fibrinonecrotic [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and associated [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]]

*May be acute with producing a fibrinonecrotic [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and associated [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]]

**''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]''  

**''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]''  

***Appears to facilitate colonisation of nasal epithelium by the toxigenic ''Pasteurella''

***Appears to facilitate colonisation of nasal epithelium by the toxigenic ''Pasteurella''

**Toxin-producing strain of [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|

**Toxin-producing strain of [[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']] capsular type D (or sometimes A)

''Pasteurella multocida'']] capsular type D (or sometimes A)

***Experimental evidence shows that the toxin acts directly on bone cells of the nasal turbinates to cause bone loss, each pathogen can cause atrophy itself but greater damage when together

***Experimental evidence shows that the toxin acts directly on bone cells of the nasal turbinates to cause bone loss, each pathogen can cause atrophy itself but greater damage when together

*Exacerbated by adverse dietary and managemental factors

*Exacerbated by adverse dietary and managemental factors

*2 forms of the disease

*2 forms of the disease

**''''Progressive' atrophic rhinitis'''

**''''Progressive' atrophic rhinitis'''

***Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by P.multocida strains carrying the toxA gene that encodes for an osteolytic toxin. [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''P.multocida'']] adheres poorly to mucous membranes, and therefore requires a predisposing nasal insult to assist colonisation eg: co-infection with [[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''B.bronchiseptica'']] or [[Cytomegalovirus|Porcine cytomegalovirus (inclusion body rhinitis)]]

***Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by P.multocida strains carrying the toxA gene that encodes for an osteolytic toxin. [[Pasteurella multocida|''P.multocida'']] adheres poorly to mucous membranes, and therefore requires a predisposing nasal insult to assist colonisation eg: co-infection with [[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''B.bronchiseptica'']] or [[Cytomegalovirus|Porcine cytomegalovirus (inclusion body rhinitis)]]

***Turbinate bone atrophy is permanent and progressive

***Turbinate bone atrophy is permanent and progressive

**''''Non-progressive' atrophic rhinitis'''

**''''Non-progressive' atrophic rhinitis'''

*Cough, reduced growth rate

*Cough, reduced growth rate

*Attached to cilia - no [[Respiratory System General Introduction - Pathology#Mucociliary escalator|mucociliary clearance]]

*Attached to cilia - no [[Respiratory System General Introduction - Pathology#Mucociliary escalator|mucociliary clearance]]

*Usually non-fatal unless there is secondary infection (e.g. [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella multocida'']])

*Usually non-fatal unless there is secondary infection (e.g. [[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']])

*Gross pathology:

*Gross pathology:

**Confluent consolidation of the cranioventral lung lobes

**Confluent consolidation of the cranioventral lung lobes

===Pasteurellosis in pigs===

===Pasteurellosis in pigs===

*[[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella multocida'']] can cause a severe acute fibrinous [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] in pigs  

*[[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']] can cause a severe acute fibrinous [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] in pigs  

*The most significant disease here is that caused by ''P. multocida'' secondary to underlying [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''mycoplasma'' pneumonia]], see above [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of pigs|enzootic pneumonia of pigs]]

*The most significant disease here is that caused by ''P. multocida'' secondary to underlying [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''mycoplasma'' pneumonia]], see above [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of pigs|enzootic pneumonia of pigs]]

**This results in chronic suppurative [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchopneumonia]]  with abscessation and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]]

**This results in chronic suppurative [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchopneumonia]]  with abscessation and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]]

===Snuffles===

===Snuffles===

*Caused by [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella multocida'']], less commonly and/or ''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]''

*Caused by [[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']], less commonly and/or ''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]''

*Clinical signs (nasal discharge, sneezing) result from an acute to chronic [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|rhinitis]]

*Clinical signs (nasal discharge, sneezing) result from an acute to chronic [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|rhinitis]]