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| | + | |pagetitle =Pseudomonas and Burkholderia species |
| | + | |pagebody = ''Pseudomonas'' and ''Burkholderia'' species are gram-negative rods that are found in the soil and water worldwide. Both species cause opportunistic infections. |
| | + | |contenttitle =Content |
| | + | |contentbody =<big><b> |
| | + | <categorytree mode=pages>Pseudomonas and Burkholderia species</categorytree> |
| | + | </b></big> |
| | + | |logo =bugs-logo copy.png |
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| − | ===Overview===
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| − | *Organisms found in soil and water worldwide
| + | [[Category:Bacterial Organisms]] |
| − | *''Burkholderia mallei'' causes [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Glanders|glanders]]; rodents act as reservoir of infection
| + | [[Category:Gram_negative_bacteria]] |
| − | *''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' causes meliodosis
| + | [[Category:Rods]] |
| − | *''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', found on skin, mucous membranes and in faeces, causes opportunistic infections
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| − | ===Characteristics===
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| − | *Gram-negative rods
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| − | *Obligate aerobes
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| − | *Oxidase and catalase positive
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| − | *''Pseudomonas'' species and ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' motile by polar flagellae
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| − | *''Burkholderia mallei'' non-motile
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| − | ===''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]''===
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| − | ===''Burkholderia mallei''===
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| − | *Causes [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Glanders|glanders]], a contagious disease of ''Equidae''
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| − | *Nodules and ulcers in respiratory tract and on skin
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| − | *Largely eradicated but sporadic cases in Middle East, India, China
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| − | *Pathogenesis:
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| − | **Transmited by ingestion of food/water contaminated by nasal discharge of infected ''Equidae''; occasionally via inhalation or skin wounds
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| − | **Organism invades nasopharyngeal mucosa and spreads to other tissues via lymphatics
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| − | **Presence of ''B. mallei'' in host causes hypersensitivity reaction
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| − | *Clinical infections:
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| − | **Acute septicaemic form with fever, mucopurulent nasal discharge and respiratory signs; death within weeks
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| − | **Chronic disease more common:
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| − | ***Nasal form: [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]]; ulcerative nodules develop on mucosa of nasal septum and lower part of turbinates; purulent blood-stained nasal discharge; regional lymphadenitis
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| − | ***Respiratory form: respiratory distress; granulomatous lesions throughout lungs
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| − | ***Cutaneous form (farcy): lymphangitis; nodules along lymphatic vesselsof limbs; ulcers develop and discharge pus
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| − | ***May die after several months or recover and shed organisms from respiratory tract or skin
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| − | **Carnivores may contract disease by eating infected carcasses
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| − | *Diagnosis:
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| − | **Specimens include discharges from lesions and blood for serology
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| − | **Grows on media containing 1% glycerol; most strains are non-lactose fermenters on MacConkey agar
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| − | **Complement fixation and agglutination
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| − | **Serology
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| − | **Mallein test: mallein injected intradermally below lower eyelid; local swelling and discharge indicates positive reation
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| − | *Treatment/control:
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| − | **Test and slaughter policy where disease exotic
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| − | **Disinfection of contaminated areas using formalin or an iodophor
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| − | ===''Burkholderia pseudomallei===
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| − | *Causes [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Melioidosis (Pseudoglanders)|melioidosis]] - endemic in Asia and Australia
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| − | *Primarily infects rodents
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| − | *Pathogenesis:
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| − | **Infection via ingestion, inhalation or skin wounds from environment
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| − | **Exotoxin, dermonecrotic protease and lecithinase implicated in pathogenicity
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| − | **Strain virulence and host immunosuppression important
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| − | *Clinical infections:
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| − | **Opportunistic infection with stress and immunosuppression predisposing to disease
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| − | **Abscesses develop in many organs including lungs, spleen, liver, joints, CNS, upper respiratory tract
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| − | **Chronic, debilitating, progressive disease with long incubation period
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| − | **Many animal species susceptible
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| − | **Referred to as pseudoglanders in horses
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| − | *Diagnosis:
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| − | **Specimens: pus from abscesses, affected tissues, blood
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| − | **Fluorescent antibody technique on tissue smears
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| − | **Blood agar and MacConkey agar plates, incubated aerobically
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| − | **Colonies have musty smell
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| − | **Lactose fermentation on MacConkey
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| − | **Slide agglutination
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| − | **ELISA, complement fixation and indirect haemagglutination tests for serum antibodies
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| − | *Treatment/control: slaughter of infected animals where exotic
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| − | [[Category:Pseudomonas and Burkholderia species]][[Category:Gram_negative_bacteria]][[Category:Rods]]
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