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Created page with ' =Epidemiology= *Rabies is a '''NOTIFIABLE''' zoonosis *Rabies is found worldwide, though currently considered exotic to the UK and Australia Host Range: *All mammals are suscept…'
=Epidemiology=
*Rabies is a '''NOTIFIABLE''' zoonosis
*Rabies is found worldwide, though currently considered exotic to the UK and Australia
Host Range:
*All mammals are susceptible
**Very susceptible: foxes, jackals, wolves
**Susceptible (10,000x virus necessary to infect): cats, rodents, bats, skunks, cattle, mongooses
**Moderately susceptible (100,000x virus necessary to infect): dogs, sheep, goats, horses, primates
*Isolates can show to some species specificity in their reservoir host
Reservoir species by region:
{| style="width:60%; height:200px" border="1" align=center
!'''Region'''
!'''Reservoir Species'''
|-
|Europe
|Red fox
|-
|Russia, Turkey, Middle East
|Dog, Raccoon
|-
|USA
|Raccoon, Fox, Skunk
|-
|Africa
|Dog, Jackal, Mongoose
|-
|Asia
|Dog, Mongoose
|-
|South America
|Dog, Vampire bat
|-
|Worldwide
|Insectivorous Bats
|}
*The current position of DEFRA holds bat lyssaviruses to be present in the UK
*Human infection and death an occur after infection with bat rabies
**Nocturnal bat bites account for 50% of human cases in the USA
*Humans develop disease but excrete little virus
*Immune recovered animals are rare, but are not shown to be infections
=Diagnosis=
*'''Isolate''' and monitor for clinical signs
*In the field:
**Remove brain core sample via straw through occipital foramen in the direction of an eye
**Place contents in a 50% glyerol/PBS for FAT or virus isolation, or in 10% formaldehyde for histology
**Whole head can also be removed and sent to lab
*In the lab:
**'''Fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT)''' on smears or frozen sections of hippocampus or cerebellum should show presence of Negri bodies
***Being replaced by testing for monoclonal antibodies to nucleoprotein
**Histological detection of Negri bodies using Mann's or silver stains
**Intracerebral inoculation of mice followed by FAT testing of brain smears of affected mice
**RT-PCR on brain or saliva can be performed to determine genotype
=Rabies Control=
For countries where rabies is considered exotic:
*6 month quarantine of carnivores and ruminants (Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Australia, New Zealand)
*In the UK, this has been replaced by the '''Pet Travel Scheme''' ([http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/quarantine/index.htm PETS])
For virus-endemic countries:
#Control in pets:
#*Annual Vaccination:
#**Antigenicity allows a single antigenic type to vaccinate
#**'''Inactivated virus''' or '''canarypox''' recombinant viruses
#*Control of stray population
#*Muzzling in public
#Control of wildlife reservoir hosts:
#*Feeding vaccinated bait
#*Secondary consequence of increasing reservoir host population (eg European foxes)
#Control in humans
##Prevention by vaccination with a single booster if bitten
##*The current vaccine is grown in human diploid cells (HDCV) and is BPL-inactivated, and therefore costly
##*Developing countries utilize older vaccines passaged from a 1939 case ("Flury" vaccines)
##If bitten and unvaccinated:
##*Clean and disinfect wound
##*Human '''anti-rabies immunoglobulin''' administered around bite
##*Intramuscular vaccination program: 2 dose-1 dose-1 dose at 0, 7, and 14 days post-bite
For more on Rabies control in Europe, see [http://www.who-rabies-bulletin.org/About_Rabies/Control.aspx here][[Category:Rhabdoviridae]][[Category:Cat]][[Category:Dog]][[Category:Horse]][[Category:Cattle]][[Category:Sheep]][[Category:Pig]][[Category:Goat]][[Category:Zoonoses]]