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==In Cattle==
 
==In Cattle==
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===Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)===
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===[[Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis|Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)]]===
[[Image:IBR nasal cavity.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>IBR in nasal cavity (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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[[Image:IBR trachea.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>IBR in trachea (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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*Causative agent is [[Herpesviridae|'''bovine herpesvirus, type 1''']]
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*URT infection with serous nasal discharge, increases respiratory rate, coughing and moderate fever,from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles
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*[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|Rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|pharyngitis]], [[Larynx Inflammatory - Pathology|laryngitis]], [[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology|tracheitis]], [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|bronchiolitis]]
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*Morbidity is high, mortality is low
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*Highly infectious URT disease of cattle
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*Spread by movement of animals, aerosol transmission - requires close contact between animals
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*Early stages (only first few days) may show [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Inclusions|intracellular inclusions]] in the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells
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*Leading to neutrophilic inflammation of varying severity.... serous -> catarrhal -> purulent
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*With secondary bacterial infection (eg: [[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|Pasturella spp.]], [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|Mycoplasma spp.]], [[Fusobacterium|Fusobacterium necrophorum]]) can lead to fibrinous to necrotizing inflammation; mucosal sloughing, ulceration... pyrexia, dyspnoea ... [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Aspiration pneumonia|inhalation pneumonia]]... death
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*Underlying hyperaemic inflammatory response
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*Can become latent following primary infection
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*Clinical signs:nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing, lacrimation, and increased respiratory rate
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*Clinical disease most severe in young calves - can develop mucosal ulcerative lesions in the [[Oesophagus - Pathology#Erosive & Ulcerative Pathology|oesophagus]] and forestomachs and viraemia with multiorgan infection
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*Cause of abortion >5 months of gestation
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*May contribute to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
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*Causative agent: [[Picornaviridae|bovine rhinovirus]]
 
*Causative agent: [[Picornaviridae|bovine rhinovirus]]
 
*May cause mild respiratory disease
 
*May cause mild respiratory disease
      
==In Sheep==
 
==In Sheep==
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