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====Bovine Papular Stomatitis====
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===Neoplastic===
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====[[Upper Alimentary Tract Carcinoma Complex]]====
====Upper Alimentary Tract Carcinoma Complex====
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=====Aetiology=====
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*The most important [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophageal]] neoplasm is squamous cell carcinoma in the cow.
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*This tumour is seen as part of a more general syndrome of upper alimentary tract neoplasia in adult cattle grazing rough pasture on which the '''bracken fern''' (Pteridium aquilinum) is present.
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*The syndrome is seen in various part of the world including the Western Highlands of Scotland, Brazil and Kenya.
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*In affected animals, squamous carcinomas may be present in the [[Oral Cavity - Oropharynx - Anatomy & Physiology|oropharynx]], [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] and [[The Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology|rumen]] and there may also be [[intestinal adenocarcinomas]] and bladder tumours, or the condition known as [[enzootic bovine haematuria]].
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=====Pathogenesis=====
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*Experimentally, the feeding of bracken to laboratory animals will result in alimentary and [[Urinary Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology|bladder]] tumours.
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*However, in many naturally-occurring cases of upper alimentary carcinoma in cattle there are coexisting viral papillomata, some of which show malignant change.
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*The relationship between the ingestion of bracken and the presence of virus in the aetiology of the malignancies is currently the subject of intensive investigations.
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*It may be that both are involved in the carcinogenesis.
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=====Macroscopically=====
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====[[Squamous Cell Carcinoma]] of Other Species====
*These upper alimentary squamous carcinomas are most often seen as:
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**large
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**fungating
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**often superficially-necrotic
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**protruding into the lumen of the [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|alimentary tract]];
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*There is often a marked scirrhous reaction.
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*The tumours are locally aggressive and may permeate local lymphatics and metastasise to local lymph nodes.
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=====Microscopically=====
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The tumour consists of cords or groups of squamous cells, which may form keratin.
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Individual or multiple papillomata may be found in association with the carcinomata.
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*The presence of the tumours interferes with normal alimentary function
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**there may be difficulty in chewing and [[Deglutition|swallowing]] or in cudding and [[Eructation - Anatomy & Physiology|eructation]].
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====Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Other Species====
   
*Squamous cell carcinomas of the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] are occasionally seen in other species, notably in the cat, where the tumour tends to infiltrate around the oesophageal wall resulting in a “'''ring carcinoma'''”.  
 
*Squamous cell carcinomas of the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] are occasionally seen in other species, notably in the cat, where the tumour tends to infiltrate around the oesophageal wall resulting in a “'''ring carcinoma'''”.  
 
*The affected cat has progressive difficulty in eating and [[Deglutition|swallowing]].
 
*The affected cat has progressive difficulty in eating and [[Deglutition|swallowing]].
 
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*Forms part of [[Upper Alimentary Tract Carcinoma Complex]]
    
==Traumatic Pathology==
 
==Traumatic Pathology==
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