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| * '''Gastritis''' refers to inflammation of the [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]]. | | * '''Gastritis''' refers to inflammation of the [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]]. |
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| ===[[Oedema Disease]] In The Pig=== | | ===[[Oedema Disease]] In The Pig=== |
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− | ==Erosive and Ulcerative Gastritis ==
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− | * Causes '''gastric ulcers'''
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− | * Seen
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− | ** Commonly in the dog and pig.
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− | ** In young calves weaned onto a coarse diet.
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− | ** These usually heal as animal gets older.
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− | ** In the horse, associated with parasites.
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− | * Once started, gastric ulcers can erode deeply.
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− | ** May penetrate gastric wall leading to peritonitis.
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− | ** May erode a blood vessel to cause haemorrhage.
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− | ===Pathology===
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− | ====Gross====
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− | [[Image:gastric ulcer.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Gastic ulcer- gross (Courtesy of BioMed Image Archive)]]
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− | * Round or oval lesions from 1-4 cm in diameter.
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− | * Sharply “punched out” lesions with perpendicular or slightly overhanging walls.
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− | * Borders are level with, or slightly raised above, the surrounding mucosa.
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− | * Depth is variable.
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− | ** Some penetrate the superficial mucosa only.
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− | ** Some deeply penetrate the muscularis externa.
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− | * Base may be markedly haemorrhagic.
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− | ** In advanced chronic cases, scarring may result in a puckered appearance.
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− | ====Histological====
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− | [[Image:gastric ulcer histopath.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Gastric ulcer- histological (Courtesy of BioMed Image Archive)]]
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− | * Appearance varies with the degree aggressiveness of the ulcer and the amount of healing which has occurred.
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− | ** Rapidly excavating ulcers have minimal granulation tissue and collagen deposition.
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− | ** Others may have a necrotic base with a framework of granulation tissue and collagen.
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− | * The blood vessels at the base of the ulcer may be thickened and thrombosed.
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− | * In the bovine, the ulcer may have a superimposed fungal infection.
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− | ===Pathogenesis===
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− | * '''There are differences in pathogenesis between species.'''
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− | ====Cattle====
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− | * Management-related in young calves and dairy cows.
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− | * May also be caused by infectious agents, e.g. [[Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus|mucosal disease/ bovine viral diarrhoea virus]].
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− | * Ulcers have a tendency to bleed and perforate.
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− | ====Horse====
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− | * Affects the pars oesophagea (margo plicatus) in adults and foals.
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− | * Due to '''parasites''' - ''Gasterophilus'' (Bots).
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− | * Bots are not as common as they once were.
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− | * Look like big pink maggots.
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− | * Killed by Ivermectin.
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− | * ''Gasterophilus'' leave large ulcers in glandular regions of the [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]].
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− | ** Ulcers / erosions are quite deep.
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− | * The parasites are believed to be non-pathogenic, but in large numbers they probably produce some discomfort and poor growth.
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− | * Carcinoma can also produce ulceration in the [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]] of the horse as, in other species.
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− | * In foals, the glandular area may sometimes be affected.
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− | ** This may be e.g. stress-related, or due to used of NSAIDs.
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− | ====Dog====
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− | * Although ulcers are often secondary to other diseases, primary idiopathic peptic ulcers do occur, due to
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− | ** Hyperacidity
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− | ** Gastric carcinoma in older dog
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− | * Secondary ulcers are often associated with systemic diseases particularly '''uraemia''' and '''mast cell tumours'''. Gastric ulcer may be the cause of death but is not the primary disease.
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− | *# '''Mast cell tumours'''
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− | *#*Boxers and Labradors are predisposed to these.
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− | *#* Vomit continually together with abdominal pain.
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− | *#* Ulcers are usually near the duodenum.
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− | *#** Frequently secondarily infected.
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− | *#** Often penetrate deeply.
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− | *#* Actively secreting mast cell tumours produce histame, leasing to gastric hyperacidity and therefore secondary peptic ulcers.
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− | *# '''Uraemia'''
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− | *#* Gastric lesions usually occur with chronic renal disease.
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− | *#** Gastrin is produced by the G cells of the gastric antrum during the gastric phase of digestion .
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− | *#*** Acts on H2 receptors on parietal cells to increase production of HCl.
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− | *#*** Increases release of histamine from gastric mucosal mast cells to increase HCl release.
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− | *#** Serum levels of gastrin are increased in chronic renal disease in dogs and cats.
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− | *#* In acute renal failure death ensues before gastric ulceration develops.
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− | *#* '''Pathogenesis'''
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− | *#** Loss of nephron and medullary concentration gradient in chronic interstitial nephritis mean collecting ducts cannot resorb fluid.
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− | *#*** A common cause of interstitial nephritis in the dog was leptospirosis.
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− | *#** Consequently, the animal drinks and urinates in enormous quantities, and urea is washed out with large quantities of fluid ("compensated renal failure").
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− | *#** If fluid is restricted, urea cannot be washed out and the animal becomes uraemic.
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− | *#*** Urea is excreted into [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]], giving it a horrible ammoniacal smell and filling it with brown smelly liquid.
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− | *#*** Urea is also excreted into the [[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology|colon]].
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− | *#** Urea in the stomach breaks down to ammonia, irritating the mucosa and contributing to gastric ulcer.
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− | *#** Uraemia also causes arteriolar degeneration in the submucosa, leading to hypoxic damage to the mucosa. This is another contributing factor to gastric ulcer.
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− | *#** [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|Vomiting]] causes dehydration and further raises blood urea.
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− | *#*** A vicious circle is produced- ends in death by [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|vomiting]], dehydration and shock.
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− | *#** '''Note:''' If an animal in compensated renal failure is given anaesthetic, it will not drink much. It then may start to [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|vomit]] and die due to uraemia.
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− | * NSAIDs, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (due to pancreatic gastrin-secreting tumour), cirrhosis and bile reflux can all also cause gastric ulcers in the dog.
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− | ====Pig====
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− | * Gastic ulceration is quite common in the pig- May be seen in 50-60% of pigs arriving at slaughterhouses.
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− | * Has serious economic consequences.
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− | *'''Clinical'''
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− | ** Occasionally a well-grown pig will drop dead.
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− | *** Deep ulcers have eroded into a blood vessel, causing massive haemorrhage into the [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]] from and producing death very rapidly.
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− | ** If long standing ulcers do not result in death, they do produce pain and discomfort.
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− | *** Give low growth rate and poor feed conversion.
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− | *'''Pathogenesis'''
| + | [[:Category:Gastric Ulceration]] |
− | ** Gastric ulceration is associated with modern pig rearing, but the exact cause is unknown.
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− | ** Causes are associated with gastric hyperacidity, and gastric ulceration is probably a multifactorial disease.
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− | ** The following are suggested as possible causes:
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− | *** Infection, e.g. ''Candida albicans'', ''Streptococci'', ''Staphylococci'' and mixes of these.
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− | *** Copper toxicity- this is probably more significant.
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− | **** Pigs are fed copper as growth promoter; 50 ppm is know to be toxic, and animals are often fed 250 ppm.
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− | *** Vitamin E / Selenium deficiency.
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− | *** Feeding on concrete floors.
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− | **** Sand is licked up whe pigs eat.
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− | *** Feeding finely milled cereal.
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− | *** Stress
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− | *** Possibly genetic factors.
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− | *'''Pathology'''
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− | ** Most commonly affects pars oesophagea (squamous or non-glandular portion).
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− | ** Starts with hyperkeratosis in the stratum corneum
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− | *** Appears rough and thickened
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− | *** May stop at this stage.
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− | ** In approximately 30% of animals, the lesion starts to erode and quite deep ulcers may develop.
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− | ** In a significant small number ,very deep ulcers develop and may affect virtually all of pars oesophagea.
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− | ** Histologically, ulcers are large and flask-shaped ulcer with fibrin, necrosis, erosion and fibrosis at base.
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| ==Fibrinous/ Diptheric Gastritis== | | ==Fibrinous/ Diptheric Gastritis== |