| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − |
| |
| | * '''Gastritis''' refers to inflammation of the [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]]. | | * '''Gastritis''' refers to inflammation of the [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]]. |
| | | | |
| Line 8: |
Line 7: |
| | ===[[Oedema Disease]] In The Pig=== | | ===[[Oedema Disease]] In The Pig=== |
| | | | |
| − | ==Erosive and Ulcerative Gastritis ==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | * Causes '''gastric ulcers'''
| |
| − | * Seen
| |
| − | ** Commonly in the dog and pig.
| |
| − | ** In young calves weaned onto a coarse diet.
| |
| − | ** These usually heal as animal gets older.
| |
| − | ** In the horse, associated with parasites.
| |
| − | * Once started, gastric ulcers can erode deeply.
| |
| − | ** May penetrate gastric wall leading to peritonitis.
| |
| − | ** May erode a blood vessel to cause haemorrhage.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Pathology===
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ====Gross====
| |
| − | [[Image:gastric ulcer.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Gastic ulcer- gross (Courtesy of BioMed Image Archive)]]
| |
| − | * Round or oval lesions from 1-4 cm in diameter.
| |
| − | * Sharply “punched out” lesions with perpendicular or slightly overhanging walls.
| |
| − | * Borders are level with, or slightly raised above, the surrounding mucosa.
| |
| − | * Depth is variable.
| |
| − | ** Some penetrate the superficial mucosa only.
| |
| − | ** Some deeply penetrate the muscularis externa.
| |
| − | * Base may be markedly haemorrhagic.
| |
| − | ** In advanced chronic cases, scarring may result in a puckered appearance.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ====Histological====
| |
| − | [[Image:gastric ulcer histopath.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Gastric ulcer- histological (Courtesy of BioMed Image Archive)]]
| |
| − | * Appearance varies with the degree aggressiveness of the ulcer and the amount of healing which has occurred.
| |
| − | ** Rapidly excavating ulcers have minimal granulation tissue and collagen deposition.
| |
| − | ** Others may have a necrotic base with a framework of granulation tissue and collagen.
| |
| − | * The blood vessels at the base of the ulcer may be thickened and thrombosed.
| |
| − | * In the bovine, the ulcer may have a superimposed fungal infection.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Pathogenesis===
| |
| − |
| |
| − | * '''There are differences in pathogenesis between species.'''
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ====Cattle====
| |
| − |
| |
| − | * Management-related in young calves and dairy cows.
| |
| − | * May also be caused by infectious agents, e.g. [[Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus|mucosal disease/ bovine viral diarrhoea virus]].
| |
| − | * Ulcers have a tendency to bleed and perforate.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ====Horse====
| |
| − |
| |
| − | * Affects the pars oesophagea (margo plicatus) in adults and foals.
| |
| − | * Due to '''parasites''' - ''Gasterophilus'' (Bots).
| |
| − | * Bots are not as common as they once were.
| |
| − | * Look like big pink maggots.
| |
| − | * Killed by Ivermectin.
| |
| − | * ''Gasterophilus'' leave large ulcers in glandular regions of the [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]].
| |
| − | ** Ulcers / erosions are quite deep.
| |
| − | * The parasites are believed to be non-pathogenic, but in large numbers they probably produce some discomfort and poor growth.
| |
| − | * Carcinoma can also produce ulceration in the [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]] of the horse as, in other species.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | * In foals, the glandular area may sometimes be affected.
| |
| − | ** This may be e.g. stress-related, or due to used of NSAIDs.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ====Dog====
| |
| − |
| |
| − | * Although ulcers are often secondary to other diseases, primary idiopathic peptic ulcers do occur, due to
| |
| − | ** Hyperacidity
| |
| − | ** Gastric carcinoma in older dog
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | * Secondary ulcers are often associated with systemic diseases particularly '''uraemia''' and '''mast cell tumours'''. Gastric ulcer may be the cause of death but is not the primary disease.
| |
| − | *# '''Mast cell tumours'''
| |
| − | *#*Boxers and Labradors are predisposed to these.
| |
| − | *#* Vomit continually together with abdominal pain.
| |
| − | *#* Ulcers are usually near the duodenum.
| |
| − | *#** Frequently secondarily infected.
| |
| − | *#** Often penetrate deeply.
| |
| − | *#* Actively secreting mast cell tumours produce histame, leasing to gastric hyperacidity and therefore secondary peptic ulcers.
| |
| − | *# '''Uraemia'''
| |
| − | *#* Gastric lesions usually occur with chronic renal disease.
| |
| − | *#** Gastrin is produced by the G cells of the gastric antrum during the gastric phase of digestion .
| |
| − | *#*** Acts on H2 receptors on parietal cells to increase production of HCl.
| |
| − | *#*** Increases release of histamine from gastric mucosal mast cells to increase HCl release.
| |
| − | *#** Serum levels of gastrin are increased in chronic renal disease in dogs and cats.
| |
| − | *#* In acute renal failure death ensues before gastric ulceration develops.
| |
| − | *#* '''Pathogenesis'''
| |
| − | *#** Loss of nephron and medullary concentration gradient in chronic interstitial nephritis mean collecting ducts cannot resorb fluid.
| |
| − | *#*** A common cause of interstitial nephritis in the dog was leptospirosis.
| |
| − | *#** Consequently, the animal drinks and urinates in enormous quantities, and urea is washed out with large quantities of fluid ("compensated renal failure").
| |
| − | *#** If fluid is restricted, urea cannot be washed out and the animal becomes uraemic.
| |
| − | *#*** Urea is excreted into [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]], giving it a horrible ammoniacal smell and filling it with brown smelly liquid.
| |
| − | *#*** Urea is also excreted into the [[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology|colon]].
| |
| − | *#** Urea in the stomach breaks down to ammonia, irritating the mucosa and contributing to gastric ulcer.
| |
| − | *#** Uraemia also causes arteriolar degeneration in the submucosa, leading to hypoxic damage to the mucosa. This is another contributing factor to gastric ulcer.
| |
| − | *#** [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|Vomiting]] causes dehydration and further raises blood urea.
| |
| − | *#*** A vicious circle is produced- ends in death by [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|vomiting]], dehydration and shock.
| |
| − | *#** '''Note:''' If an animal in compensated renal failure is given anaesthetic, it will not drink much. It then may start to [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|vomit]] and die due to uraemia.
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | * NSAIDs, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (due to pancreatic gastrin-secreting tumour), cirrhosis and bile reflux can all also cause gastric ulcers in the dog.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ====Pig====
| |
| − |
| |
| − | * Gastic ulceration is quite common in the pig- May be seen in 50-60% of pigs arriving at slaughterhouses.
| |
| − | * Has serious economic consequences.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | *'''Clinical'''
| |
| − | ** Occasionally a well-grown pig will drop dead.
| |
| − | *** Deep ulcers have eroded into a blood vessel, causing massive haemorrhage into the [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]] from and producing death very rapidly.
| |
| − | ** If long standing ulcers do not result in death, they do produce pain and discomfort.
| |
| − | *** Give low growth rate and poor feed conversion.
| |
| | | | |
| − | *'''Pathogenesis'''
| + | [[:Category:Gastric Ulceration]] |
| − | ** Gastric ulceration is associated with modern pig rearing, but the exact cause is unknown.
| |
| − | ** Causes are associated with gastric hyperacidity, and gastric ulceration is probably a multifactorial disease.
| |
| − | ** The following are suggested as possible causes:
| |
| − | *** Infection, e.g. ''Candida albicans'', ''Streptococci'', ''Staphylococci'' and mixes of these.
| |
| − | *** Copper toxicity- this is probably more significant.
| |
| − | **** Pigs are fed copper as growth promoter; 50 ppm is know to be toxic, and animals are often fed 250 ppm.
| |
| − | *** Vitamin E / Selenium deficiency.
| |
| − | *** Feeding on concrete floors.
| |
| − | **** Sand is licked up whe pigs eat.
| |
| − | *** Feeding finely milled cereal.
| |
| − | *** Stress
| |
| − | *** Possibly genetic factors.
| |
| | | | |
| − | *'''Pathology'''
| |
| − | ** Most commonly affects pars oesophagea (squamous or non-glandular portion).
| |
| − | ** Starts with hyperkeratosis in the stratum corneum
| |
| − | *** Appears rough and thickened
| |
| − | *** May stop at this stage.
| |
| − | ** In approximately 30% of animals, the lesion starts to erode and quite deep ulcers may develop.
| |
| − | ** In a significant small number ,very deep ulcers develop and may affect virtually all of pars oesophagea.
| |
| − | ** Histologically, ulcers are large and flask-shaped ulcer with fibrin, necrosis, erosion and fibrosis at base.
| |
| | | | |
| | ==Fibrinous/ Diptheric Gastritis== | | ==Fibrinous/ Diptheric Gastritis== |