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Created page with '===Colibacillosis=== * The enteritis caused by colibacillosis is relatively mild although the diarrhoea can be severe. * Only a few strains …'
===Colibacillosis===
* The enteritis caused by colibacillosis is relatively mild although the [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]] can be severe.
* Only a few strains of coliform organisms cause disease.
** These are identified by their serotypes.
====Pathogenesis====
* There are three mechanisms by which coliform organisms cause [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]].
=====Enterotoxigenic [[Escherichia coli|''E. Coli'']] (ETEC)=====
* Cause neonatal and post-weaning [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]] in ruminants and pigs.
** In calves, ETEC are only seen in animals of 4-5 days, or possibly up to one week, of age.
*** If the animal is older than 1 week, the agent is NOT ETEC.
** Housed lambs may also suffer from ETEC.
*** Animals are usually under 1 week old.
*** Sheep do not suffer as commonly as calves, as they are normally better managed.
** Pigs less than 1 week of age may suffer.
* Bacteria adhere to enterocyte receptors using pili e.g. K87 (Especially in pigs), K88, K99 (especialoly in cattle).
** Toxins produced by the bacteria encourage loss of Cl<sup>-</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup> and water in gut secretions.
*** Causes [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]] and dehydration.
*** Death is a result of dehydration and electrolyte loss.
* To be pathogenic, ETECs require 2 qualities not found in non-pathogenic coliform organisms.
** Adherence factors.
** Heat stable toxins.
* Control is by management factors, such as hygiene, good colostral intake and so on.
** There is the potential in the future to breed from pigs that lack adherence antigen sites for ''E.coli''.
=====Enteroinvasive [[Escherichia coli|''E. Coli'']]=====
* Not common in animals!
* These strains act like shigella or salmonella.
** Penetrate enterocytes, invade lamina propria and spread to lymph nodes and beyond.
* Toxin damages enterocytes, causing:
** Blunting of villi.
** Elongation of crypts.
** Sometimes mucosal ulceration.
=====Enteropathogenic (attaching and effacing) [[Escherichia coli|''E. coli'']]=====
* Penetrate glycocalyx, adhere closely to mucosal cell surface and destroy the microvilli.
* Cause:
** Blunting of villi.
** Crypt hypertrophy.
** Inflammatory cells in the lamina propria.
* The [[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology|colon]] is often more severely affected than the intestine.
* Septicaemic coliform infections may also occur.
** Mainly in first 2 days of life.
*** usually due to insufficient colostrum intake.
** Produce peracute death without diarrhoea.
====Pathology====
=====Gross=====
* Gut loops filled with gas and fluid.
* Gut contents are mucoid.
* Gut wall is flaccid.
* Mild congestion.
=====Histological=====
* Bacteria on epithelial surface.
* Mild inflammation in the lamina propria.
* More severe lesions e.g. villus atrophy are rare.
====Treatment====
* It is pointless to try to kill the organism in this disease.
* Treat the effects of the disease instead.
** Fluid replacement therapy.
*** Produces a quite good and quick recovery, especially in calves.
===Enterotoxaemias - Bacterial Diseases===
* Many bacteria produce toxins that are often responsible for clinical effects.
** e.g. [[Oedema Disease|oedema disease]] due to [[Escherichia coli|''E. Coli'']].
*** Toxin is produced in the gut but is absorbed into the circulation to take effect elsewhere.
* Systemic effects of these toxins may kill the animal.
* Systemic toxicosis derived from organisms in the alimentary tract is also seen with the [[:Category:Clostridium species|''Clostridia'']] group of bacteria.
===="Pulpy kidney" Disease====
* Caused by [[:Category:Clostridium species|''Clostridium welchii'' / ''Clostridium perfringens'']] type D.
** The organisms are found everywhere cannot be got rid of.
** Found in the soil and as a gut commensal, but can explosively multiply and produce toxin under certain conditions.
*** Often occurs when the animal had just changed from one feed to another (i.e. just put out onto lush grass).
* Seen mostly in sheep and goats.
** Disease was commonly vaccintated against, but this may not be done in times of financial difficulty.
*** Diagnosis of the disease is important in deciding if should sheep be vaccinated.
**** If the animal has been vaccinated it is important to need to diagnose pulpy kidney accurately in case of possible legal proceedings. [[Image:pulpy kidney disease.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Pulpy kidney disease- histological (Courtesy of Bristol BioMed Image Archive)]]
=====Clinical=====
* The time course from onset to death is only a few hours, so sheep are normally found dead and only occasionally seen alive.
* Nervous signs, such as head pressing, may be seen.
* Paralysis of the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] may result in severe [[Bloat|bloat]].
* Profuse greenish [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]] is seen occasionally just before death.
* Only mild catarrhal enteritis is seen in the gut.
=====Pathogenesis=====
[[Image:pulpy kidney gross.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Pulpy kidney disease- gross (Courtesy of Bristol BioMed Image Archive)]]
* Lesions due to effect of epsilon toxin on blood vessels.
=====Pathology=====
* Animals are very bloated.
* Often lack lesions.
* Guts appear slightly flaccid, and a bit hyperaemic.
* The toxaemic carcase has petechial and echymotic haemorrhages, and hydropericardium.
* The '''kidneys''' are characteristically affected.
** Become oedematous, mushy and red within about 1 hour of death.
** A stream of water on cut surface of the kidney washes away the epithelium (since it is necrotic) and leaves fronds of tissue (This is the case with any kidney if the post mortem is more than a few hours after death).
*** This accelerated post mortem change is a characteristic of the disease.
* '''Glycosuria''' is a feature
** The toxin affects the epithelium of the proximal part of nephron, stopping resorption of glucose.
** Note: the swelling of cells in the kidney means that anuria occurs, meaning there is no urine avaialable to rest for glucose.
*** It is sometimes possible to get a positive reaction to a stick test by wiping it on the inside of the bladder.
* Periportal hepatic fatty change occurs.
** This is only really seen histologically.
** Grossly, the liver looks "half cooked", but this is true of many bacterial diseases.
* Histopathology is often not helpful.
** Necrosis of cells in proximal convoluted tubules.
** There is also a characteristic degeneration in parts of the brain - focal symmetrical encephalomalacia
=====Diagnosis=====
* Location of the organism in the gut contents is not helpful, since it is always present (as a commensal).
** Therefore, diagnosis is by location of the toxin in the gut contents.
* Toxin is tested for by administering filtered intestinal fluid intravenously to a mouse (mouse protection test).
** If the toxin is present, the mouse should die within minutes or hours.
** Another mouse can be protected from the effect of the toxin with a specific antibody.
* An ELISA test is also possible.
** However, an ELISA is often too sensitive as the toxin can be present in the normal sheep gut and the ELISA can pick this up.[[Category:Intestine_-_Inflammatory_Pathology_by_Cause]]
* The enteritis caused by colibacillosis is relatively mild although the [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]] can be severe.
* Only a few strains of coliform organisms cause disease.
** These are identified by their serotypes.
====Pathogenesis====
* There are three mechanisms by which coliform organisms cause [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]].
=====Enterotoxigenic [[Escherichia coli|''E. Coli'']] (ETEC)=====
* Cause neonatal and post-weaning [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]] in ruminants and pigs.
** In calves, ETEC are only seen in animals of 4-5 days, or possibly up to one week, of age.
*** If the animal is older than 1 week, the agent is NOT ETEC.
** Housed lambs may also suffer from ETEC.
*** Animals are usually under 1 week old.
*** Sheep do not suffer as commonly as calves, as they are normally better managed.
** Pigs less than 1 week of age may suffer.
* Bacteria adhere to enterocyte receptors using pili e.g. K87 (Especially in pigs), K88, K99 (especialoly in cattle).
** Toxins produced by the bacteria encourage loss of Cl<sup>-</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup> and water in gut secretions.
*** Causes [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]] and dehydration.
*** Death is a result of dehydration and electrolyte loss.
* To be pathogenic, ETECs require 2 qualities not found in non-pathogenic coliform organisms.
** Adherence factors.
** Heat stable toxins.
* Control is by management factors, such as hygiene, good colostral intake and so on.
** There is the potential in the future to breed from pigs that lack adherence antigen sites for ''E.coli''.
=====Enteroinvasive [[Escherichia coli|''E. Coli'']]=====
* Not common in animals!
* These strains act like shigella or salmonella.
** Penetrate enterocytes, invade lamina propria and spread to lymph nodes and beyond.
* Toxin damages enterocytes, causing:
** Blunting of villi.
** Elongation of crypts.
** Sometimes mucosal ulceration.
=====Enteropathogenic (attaching and effacing) [[Escherichia coli|''E. coli'']]=====
* Penetrate glycocalyx, adhere closely to mucosal cell surface and destroy the microvilli.
* Cause:
** Blunting of villi.
** Crypt hypertrophy.
** Inflammatory cells in the lamina propria.
* The [[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology|colon]] is often more severely affected than the intestine.
* Septicaemic coliform infections may also occur.
** Mainly in first 2 days of life.
*** usually due to insufficient colostrum intake.
** Produce peracute death without diarrhoea.
====Pathology====
=====Gross=====
* Gut loops filled with gas and fluid.
* Gut contents are mucoid.
* Gut wall is flaccid.
* Mild congestion.
=====Histological=====
* Bacteria on epithelial surface.
* Mild inflammation in the lamina propria.
* More severe lesions e.g. villus atrophy are rare.
====Treatment====
* It is pointless to try to kill the organism in this disease.
* Treat the effects of the disease instead.
** Fluid replacement therapy.
*** Produces a quite good and quick recovery, especially in calves.
===Enterotoxaemias - Bacterial Diseases===
* Many bacteria produce toxins that are often responsible for clinical effects.
** e.g. [[Oedema Disease|oedema disease]] due to [[Escherichia coli|''E. Coli'']].
*** Toxin is produced in the gut but is absorbed into the circulation to take effect elsewhere.
* Systemic effects of these toxins may kill the animal.
* Systemic toxicosis derived from organisms in the alimentary tract is also seen with the [[:Category:Clostridium species|''Clostridia'']] group of bacteria.
===="Pulpy kidney" Disease====
* Caused by [[:Category:Clostridium species|''Clostridium welchii'' / ''Clostridium perfringens'']] type D.
** The organisms are found everywhere cannot be got rid of.
** Found in the soil and as a gut commensal, but can explosively multiply and produce toxin under certain conditions.
*** Often occurs when the animal had just changed from one feed to another (i.e. just put out onto lush grass).
* Seen mostly in sheep and goats.
** Disease was commonly vaccintated against, but this may not be done in times of financial difficulty.
*** Diagnosis of the disease is important in deciding if should sheep be vaccinated.
**** If the animal has been vaccinated it is important to need to diagnose pulpy kidney accurately in case of possible legal proceedings. [[Image:pulpy kidney disease.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Pulpy kidney disease- histological (Courtesy of Bristol BioMed Image Archive)]]
=====Clinical=====
* The time course from onset to death is only a few hours, so sheep are normally found dead and only occasionally seen alive.
* Nervous signs, such as head pressing, may be seen.
* Paralysis of the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] may result in severe [[Bloat|bloat]].
* Profuse greenish [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]] is seen occasionally just before death.
* Only mild catarrhal enteritis is seen in the gut.
=====Pathogenesis=====
[[Image:pulpy kidney gross.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Pulpy kidney disease- gross (Courtesy of Bristol BioMed Image Archive)]]
* Lesions due to effect of epsilon toxin on blood vessels.
=====Pathology=====
* Animals are very bloated.
* Often lack lesions.
* Guts appear slightly flaccid, and a bit hyperaemic.
* The toxaemic carcase has petechial and echymotic haemorrhages, and hydropericardium.
* The '''kidneys''' are characteristically affected.
** Become oedematous, mushy and red within about 1 hour of death.
** A stream of water on cut surface of the kidney washes away the epithelium (since it is necrotic) and leaves fronds of tissue (This is the case with any kidney if the post mortem is more than a few hours after death).
*** This accelerated post mortem change is a characteristic of the disease.
* '''Glycosuria''' is a feature
** The toxin affects the epithelium of the proximal part of nephron, stopping resorption of glucose.
** Note: the swelling of cells in the kidney means that anuria occurs, meaning there is no urine avaialable to rest for glucose.
*** It is sometimes possible to get a positive reaction to a stick test by wiping it on the inside of the bladder.
* Periportal hepatic fatty change occurs.
** This is only really seen histologically.
** Grossly, the liver looks "half cooked", but this is true of many bacterial diseases.
* Histopathology is often not helpful.
** Necrosis of cells in proximal convoluted tubules.
** There is also a characteristic degeneration in parts of the brain - focal symmetrical encephalomalacia
=====Diagnosis=====
* Location of the organism in the gut contents is not helpful, since it is always present (as a commensal).
** Therefore, diagnosis is by location of the toxin in the gut contents.
* Toxin is tested for by administering filtered intestinal fluid intravenously to a mouse (mouse protection test).
** If the toxin is present, the mouse should die within minutes or hours.
** Another mouse can be protected from the effect of the toxin with a specific antibody.
* An ELISA test is also possible.
** However, an ELISA is often too sensitive as the toxin can be present in the normal sheep gut and the ELISA can pick this up.[[Category:Intestine_-_Inflammatory_Pathology_by_Cause]]