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=Pathology=
===Introduction===
==References==
* Inflammatory bowel disease will result in malabsorption and in many cases, chronic diarrhoea.
* The small and/or [[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|large intestine]]s are affected.
** The site determines whether diarrhoea is present.
* Additionally, can get extraintestinal abnormalities
** Cholangiohepatitis
** Nephritis
** Pancreatitis
** Polyarthropathy
** Thrombocytopenia (uncommon)
*** Extent of thrombocytopenia not related to duration of IBD or to its resolution.
* The term "inflammatory bowel disease" covers several conditions characterised by the major inflammatory cell(s) present.
** All have some common features:
*** Thickening of the mucosa.
*** Villus atrophy in advanced disease.
*** Significant inflammatory infiltrate in the mucosa and sometimes deeper layers.
==Lymphocytic - Plasmacytic Enteritis==
====Pathology====
* Hypersensitivity reaction results in increased GIT permeablility and recruitment of inflammatory cells.
* Histologically:
** Mucosal epithelial-glandular alterations.
** Variably increased mucosal infiltrate of lymphocytes and plasma cells.
*** In these dogs there is an increase in the number of IgA and IgG containing cells and CD3+ T-cells.
**** Can develop into lymphoma.
*** Changes in the relative and absolute numbers of plasma cells and lymphocytes have been associated with IBD in humans.
==Eosinophilic Enteritis==
* Can be either focal or diffuse.
===Focal===
* A disease of young dogs.
* Associated with [[Toxocara canis|''Toxocara canis'']] infection.
** Pin-head sized white nodules can be seen under the serosa in the bowel.
*** Consist of of eosinophils and occasionally macrophages and plasma cells.
*** Can sometimes see [[Toxocara canis|''Toxocara'']] larvae in the nodules.
===Diffuse===
* Seen in the dog, cat and horse.
* Idiopathic
* Has a predilection for German Shepherd Dogs, but also occcurs in other breeds of dogs and in cats.
** Recurrent episodes of diarrhoea with tissue and circulatory eosinophilia.
*** Eosinophils heavily infiltrate all layers of stomach and intestines.
**It has been suggested that it is a type of hypersensitivity reaction.
[[Image:eosinophilic_enteritis.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Eosinophilic enteritis - horse(Courtesy of Susan Rhind, University of Edinburgh)]]
==Idiopathic Eosinophilic Enteritis==
*Dairy cows
*Thickened [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]], mesenteric lymphadenopathy.
*[[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]]
**Marked oedema, lymphangiectasia without vasculitis
**Eosinophilic infiltration of the intestinal mucosa (esp. at the villus tip).
*Eosinophilic enteritis associated with hypoalbuminaemia, hypoglobulinaemia and eosinophilia in other species. The extent of the biochemical changes reflect the extent of the histological changes in the gut.
**Not so in these cases.
*In man, eosinophilic enteritis called if ≥20 eosinophils per HPF in the gut.
*No cause in these cattle found … although loweed ingestion can cause eosinophilic gastroenteritis.
[Idiopathic eosinophilic enteritis in 4 cattle. JAVMA (1998) 212 258-61]
==Granulomatous enteritis==
* Seen mainly in the dog.
** Also in the cat and horse
* Idiopathic.
* Granulomatous inflammation
** Macrophages and giant cells, but also [[Neutrophils - WikiBlood|neutrophils]], eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells.
==Idiopathic colitis==
* Affects the dog.
==Histiocytic Ulcerative Colitis==
* Occurs in the dog and cat .
** In the dog, animals less than two years old are most likely to be affected.
*** Particularly the boxer and French bulldog.
* Produces soft faeces containing mucous and blood.
===Pathology===
* Produces raised ulcerative nodules in the colon.
** Due to an macrophage infiltration of the mucosa and submucosa
*** Macrophages are filled with PAS positive material.
*** Electron microscopy demonstrates macrophages to be filled with [[Escherichia coli|''E.coli'']] antigen.
* Accompanying lymphadenopathy.
=References=
*Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2''' (Fifth Edition) ''W.B. Saunders Company''.
*Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2''' (Fifth Edition) ''W.B. Saunders Company''.
*Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition)''' ''BSAVA''
*Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition)''' ''BSAVA''
*Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
*Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
[[Category:Intestine_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Dog]]