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* Liptak J. M, Withrow S.J, (2007), Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract, in Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology, fourth edition, Eds Withrow S.J, Vail D.M, Missouri, Saunders Elsevier, pp 491-501
* Liptak J. M, Withrow S.J, (2007), Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract, in Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology, fourth edition, Eds Withrow S.J, Vail D.M, Missouri, Saunders Elsevier, pp 491-501
* White, R. A. S, (2003), Tumours of the intestines, in BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Oncology, second edition, Eds Dobson J. M, Lascelles B. D. X, Gloucester, British Small Animal Veterinary Association, pp 229-233
* White, R. A. S, (2003), Tumours of the intestines, in BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Oncology, second edition, Eds Dobson J. M, Lascelles B. D. X, Gloucester, British Small Animal Veterinary Association, pp 229-233
==From Pathology==
* An '''intestinal adenocarcinoma''' is a malignancy of epithelial cells from the intestinal mucosa.
* Found in both the [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small]] and [[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|large intestines]]
** Common in the canine [[Rectum - Anatomy & Physiology|rectum]].
* Species affected:
** Fairly common in dog and cat.
** Seen related to bracken ingestion in the older sheep.
** Occasionally occur in horses.
* These tumours usually grow away from the mucosa, down through the muscularis mucosae and into the submucosa, muscular layers and the serosa.
** They may, however, project into the lumen.
* Intestinal adeocarcinomas may take an annular form.
** This may result in stenosis of lumen
*** Muscle proximal to the lesion becomes hypertrophied and dilated.
* Spread may be
*# Via the lympahtics.
*#* To the lymph nodes, lung and [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]].
*# Transcoelomic spread
*#* Small, white plaques on serosa and adjacent tissues e.g. diaphragm.