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Created page with '====Bacillary Haemoglobinuria (Red Water)==== *''Clostridium haemolyticum'' AKA ''Clostridium novyi'' Type D *cattle and sheep *highly fatal *similar pathogenesis to ''C. novyi''…'
====Bacillary Haemoglobinuria (Red Water)====
*''Clostridium haemolyticum'' AKA ''Clostridium novyi'' Type D
*cattle and sheep
*highly fatal
*similar pathogenesis to ''C. novyi''
*beta toxin produced
**causes hepatic necrosis and intravascular haemolysis
*C. haemolyticum found in soil, poorly drained/wet pastures
*spores found routinely in [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and GIT and faeces of grazing animals in affected pastures
*need disease in [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] casing anaerobic conditions to allow bacterial growth and toxin production
*normally associated with [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|Liver]] Fluke damage
*disease occurs in some areas and some farms - distribution is poorly understood
=====Clinical Signs=====
*found dead/sudden death
**lateral recumbency
**bloat
**little signs of struggle
**blood in nostrils, mouth, [[Rectum - Anatomy & Physiology|rectum]], [[Female Reprodcutive Tract -The Vagina/Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]]
*IF seen alive
**depressed, reluctant to move, pyrexia, respiratory distress
**red urine (haemoglobinuria) but not consistent
**pale mucous membranes/jaundice
**bloody froth in nostrils
=====Gross=====
*post mortem is confirmatory finding
*rapid decomposition of carcass
**organs decomposed
*subcutaneous hameorrhages, odema, emphysema
*blood stained abdominal and thoracic fluid, large quantity and pericardium
*animal is severely anaemic
*may be jaundiced
*red urine in [[Urinary Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology|bladder]], therefore haemoglobin in urine
*[[Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology#Upper Urinary System|kidneys]] speckled with haemoglobin
*blood in lungs/trachea
*ischaemic hepatic infarct
**usually a single large necrotic focus in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]
**area of necrosis, sometimes partially liquefied centre, irregular outline with a hyperaemic edge
=====Microscopically=====
*presence of Clostridia post mortem must be interpreted with great caution as they are common post mortem invaders
*FAT for organism
*identification of toxins
**need this for diagnosis
=====Treatment=====
*unlikely
*very high doses of penicillin or oxytetracycline
*blood transfusion
=====Prevention=====
*vaccination lasts up to 6 months
*[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] fluke control
*remove infected carcasses from pasture
NB: Distinguish Red Water from [[Black Disease]]! The former will have bleeding out of any orifice while the latter does not
[[Category:Cattle]][[Category:Sheep]][[Category:Hepatitis,_Bacterial]]
*''Clostridium haemolyticum'' AKA ''Clostridium novyi'' Type D
*cattle and sheep
*highly fatal
*similar pathogenesis to ''C. novyi''
*beta toxin produced
**causes hepatic necrosis and intravascular haemolysis
*C. haemolyticum found in soil, poorly drained/wet pastures
*spores found routinely in [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and GIT and faeces of grazing animals in affected pastures
*need disease in [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] casing anaerobic conditions to allow bacterial growth and toxin production
*normally associated with [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|Liver]] Fluke damage
*disease occurs in some areas and some farms - distribution is poorly understood
=====Clinical Signs=====
*found dead/sudden death
**lateral recumbency
**bloat
**little signs of struggle
**blood in nostrils, mouth, [[Rectum - Anatomy & Physiology|rectum]], [[Female Reprodcutive Tract -The Vagina/Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]]
*IF seen alive
**depressed, reluctant to move, pyrexia, respiratory distress
**red urine (haemoglobinuria) but not consistent
**pale mucous membranes/jaundice
**bloody froth in nostrils
=====Gross=====
*post mortem is confirmatory finding
*rapid decomposition of carcass
**organs decomposed
*subcutaneous hameorrhages, odema, emphysema
*blood stained abdominal and thoracic fluid, large quantity and pericardium
*animal is severely anaemic
*may be jaundiced
*red urine in [[Urinary Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology|bladder]], therefore haemoglobin in urine
*[[Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology#Upper Urinary System|kidneys]] speckled with haemoglobin
*blood in lungs/trachea
*ischaemic hepatic infarct
**usually a single large necrotic focus in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]
**area of necrosis, sometimes partially liquefied centre, irregular outline with a hyperaemic edge
=====Microscopically=====
*presence of Clostridia post mortem must be interpreted with great caution as they are common post mortem invaders
*FAT for organism
*identification of toxins
**need this for diagnosis
=====Treatment=====
*unlikely
*very high doses of penicillin or oxytetracycline
*blood transfusion
=====Prevention=====
*vaccination lasts up to 6 months
*[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] fluke control
*remove infected carcasses from pasture
NB: Distinguish Red Water from [[Black Disease]]! The former will have bleeding out of any orifice while the latter does not
[[Category:Cattle]][[Category:Sheep]][[Category:Hepatitis,_Bacterial]]