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Created page with '==Hepatoxicity== *sheep are very susceptible **they have poor ability to excrete copper in the bile *copper accumulates in hepatocytes until it reaches a critical level **the hep…'
==Hepatoxicity==
*sheep are very susceptible
**they have poor ability to excrete copper in the bile
*copper accumulates in hepatocytes until it reaches a critical level
**the hepatocytes die and release the copper into the blood
**causes haemolysis of the red blood cells
*this haemolysis further damages the hepatocytes
**releases even more copper
====Predisposing factors====
*contamination of foodstuffs and pasture with copper
*any damage to the biliary system as in ragwort poisoning
*pastures low in molybdenum
**increases the availability of dietary copper
**molybdenum combines with copper to form insoluble complexes in the gut
====Gross====
*carcass
**jaundiced
**reddish
*[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]
**swollen
**soft
**orange in colour
*[[Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology#Upper Urinary Tract|kidneys]]
**deep red
**red urine due to haemoglobinuria
====Microscopically====
*periacinar hepatic necrosis and profuse bile due to haemolysis and cholestasis
*copper can be demonstrated with special stain - rhodanine
====Genetic inheritance====
*Bedlington and West Highland White Terriers
*copper toxicosis susceptibility
*inherited as autosomal defect
*copper levels can be very high in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|livers]] of these animals
*there is no haemolytic crisis
=====Clinical=====
*ill thrift
*progressive neurological signs due to [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] failure
=====Gross=====
*[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] is small and fibrosed
*jaundice is not a consistent feature
[[Category:Hepatoxicity,_Chronic]][[Category:Sheep]]
*sheep are very susceptible
**they have poor ability to excrete copper in the bile
*copper accumulates in hepatocytes until it reaches a critical level
**the hepatocytes die and release the copper into the blood
**causes haemolysis of the red blood cells
*this haemolysis further damages the hepatocytes
**releases even more copper
====Predisposing factors====
*contamination of foodstuffs and pasture with copper
*any damage to the biliary system as in ragwort poisoning
*pastures low in molybdenum
**increases the availability of dietary copper
**molybdenum combines with copper to form insoluble complexes in the gut
====Gross====
*carcass
**jaundiced
**reddish
*[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]
**swollen
**soft
**orange in colour
*[[Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology#Upper Urinary Tract|kidneys]]
**deep red
**red urine due to haemoglobinuria
====Microscopically====
*periacinar hepatic necrosis and profuse bile due to haemolysis and cholestasis
*copper can be demonstrated with special stain - rhodanine
====Genetic inheritance====
*Bedlington and West Highland White Terriers
*copper toxicosis susceptibility
*inherited as autosomal defect
*copper levels can be very high in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|livers]] of these animals
*there is no haemolytic crisis
=====Clinical=====
*ill thrift
*progressive neurological signs due to [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] failure
=====Gross=====
*[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] is small and fibrosed
*jaundice is not a consistent feature
[[Category:Hepatoxicity,_Chronic]][[Category:Sheep]]