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| − | {{review}}
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| − | {{toplink
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Pancreas - Pathology]] |
| − | |backcolour = FAFAD2
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| − | |linkpage =Endocrine System - Pathology
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| − | |linktext =Endocrine System
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| − | |maplink = Endocrine System (Content Map) - Pathology
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| − | |pagetype =Pathology
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| − | |sublink1=Pancreas - Pathology
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| − | |subtext1=PANCREAS PATHOLOGY
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| − | }}
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| − | <br>
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| − | ==Anatomy and Physiology==
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| − | Anatomy and Physiology of the pancreas can be found [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology|here]].
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| − | ==Degenerative pathology==
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| − | ===Aetiology===
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| − | *Hypoplasia of [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine|panceatic islets]] where [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology|exocrine]] cells are functional
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| − | *Degeneration of the [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine|islet]] cells occurs in [[Pancreas Degenerative - Pathology#Acute pancreatic necrosis|acute pancreatic necrosis]] along with acinar tissue necrosis, atrophy occurs during [[Pancreatitis, Chronic Interstitial|chronic interstitial pancreatitis]]
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| − | *Extensive neoplastic destruction may also contribute to [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine|islet]] loss
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| − | *Causes [[DM|Diabetes mellitus]] (DM)
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| − | *In cats
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| − | **'''Amyloidosis''' of the [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine|islets]] is sometimes observed and may be restricted to just them
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| − | ***May result in signs of [[DM|DM]] or have no symptoms
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| − | ***[[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Vacuolar Degeneration|Hydropic (vacuolar) degeneration]] of beta cells
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| − | ***Acumultion of glycogen within the cytoplasm
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| − | ***Develops in response to long-term overstimulation due to peripheral insulin resistance
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| − | *In dogs
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| − | **'''Sclerosis''' of the islets is sometimes observed in dogs with [[DM|DM]] without pancreatic necrosis but also in dogs without DM
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| − | <br>
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| − | '''For degeneration of exocrine tissue''' see [[Pancreas Degenerative - Pathology|'degenerative disease of exocrine pancreas in Alimentary section']]
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| − | ==Neoplasia==
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| − | [[Image:Islet cell tumour.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Islet cell tumour (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | ===Insulin secreting neoplasms===
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| − | | |
| − | *Adenomas and carcinomas deerived from beta cells
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| − | *Respond rapidly to iv glucose
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| − | *Can be identified by immunocytochemical means
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| − | *Dogs 5-12 years of age most commonly affected
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| − | *Older cattle, associated with periodic convulsions
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| − | ====Clinical signs====
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| − | *Hyperinsulinism
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| − | *Hypoglycaemia - often episodic
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| − | **Neurologic signs - stupor, confusion, coma, seizures, peripheral neuropathy may also develop
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| − | ===Adenomas (insulinomas)===
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| − | *Usually single, or less often multiple, small (1-3cm) spherical nodule, yellow to dark red, in one or more lobes
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| − | *Thin layer of fibrous tissue separates normal parenchyma
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| − | *Small islets of acinar tissue are sometimes present within the neoplasm
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| − | *Well differentiated cells
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| − | ===Carcinomas===
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| − | *Larger than adenomas
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| − | *Multilobular
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| − | *Invasive into parenchyma and surrounding tissue
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| − | *Metastasis into [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]], [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] mesentery, omentum
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| − | *Few mitotic figures
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| − | ===Gastrinoma===
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| − | [http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Image&imgID=7762 Image of pancreatic garstrinoma in a dog from Cornell Veterinary Medicine]
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| − | *Described in dogs, cats
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| − | *Known as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in humans
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| − | *Uncommon compared to beta cell neoplasms
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| − | *Excess gastrin causes hyperacidity in the stomach and mucosal hyperplasia of the antral region causing gastric and [[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenal]] ulceration
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| − | ====Clinical signs====
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| − | *Anorexia
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| − | *Severe weight loss
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| − | *[[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|Vomiting]]
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| − | *[[Diarrhoea]]
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| − | *Dehydration
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| − | ====Pathology====
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| − | *Multiple variably sized neoplasms
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| − | *Increased connective tissue mass - firm
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| − | *Partiallty encapsulated
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| − | *Invade locally
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| − | *Metastases to [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and local lymph nodes are common
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| − | | |
| − | ===Glucagonoma===
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| − | *Very rare
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| − | *Characterised by
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| − | **Hyperglycaemia
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| − | **Vacuolar hepatopathy
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| − | **Skin erythema with superficial necrotising dermatitis
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| − | *Diagnosis in dogs is difficult as presents together with [[DM|DM]]
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| − | <br>
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| − | '''For hyperplastic and neoplastic disease of exocrine pancreas''' see [[Pancreas Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology|'hyperplastic and neoplastic disease of exocrine pancreas in Alimentary section']]
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