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-Depends on the severity of the atrial septal defect and any other additional defects
-Depends on the severity of the atrial septal defect and any other additional defects
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==From Pathology==
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Persistent Foramen Ovale, allowing blood flow from left to right atria.
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Produces volume overload of right ventricle and subsequent raise in central venous pressure and venous congestion.
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''Incidence:''
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*Rare in cats and dogs, increased incidence in Old English Sheepdogs and Boxers.
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*More common in cattle, often due to failure of growth of septum secundum.
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''Clinical Signs:''
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*If small defect no clinical signs.
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*If large defect see exercise intolerance, syncope and dyspnoea.
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''Diagnosis:''
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*Enlarged right ventricle and atrium on radiology.
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*Can visualise on echocardiography.
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''Treatment:''<br>
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Usually no management needed.
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[[Category:Cardiovascular System - Developmental Pathology]]