Changes

The kidneys receive 25% of the '''cardiac output'''.  From this they filter 20% of the plasma forming a filtrate of which all but 1% is reabsorbed.  This equates to all the circulatory volume being filtered and reabsorbed every 30 minutes. The functions of the kidneys are to maintain the volume and composition of plasma, regulate water, ion and pH levels, retain nutrients and excrete waste, toxins and excess electrolytes. The kidneys achieve these functions via; glomerular filtration, solute reabsorption, tubular secretion, water balance and acid-base regulation.

The kidneys receive 25% of the '''cardiac output'''.  From this they filter 20% of the plasma forming a filtrate of which all but 1% is reabsorbed.  This equates to all the circulatory volume being filtered and reabsorbed every 30 minutes. The functions of the kidneys are to maintain the volume and composition of plasma, regulate water, ion and pH levels, retain nutrients and excrete waste, toxins and excess electrolytes. The kidneys achieve these functions via; glomerular filtration, solute reabsorption, tubular secretion, water balance and acid-base regulation.

===[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology|Macroscopic Renal Anatomy]]===

==[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology|Macroscopic Renal Anatomy]]==

===[[The Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology|The Nephron]]===

===[[The Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology|The Nephron]]===