Changes

Birds are endothermic vertebrates, many with a high core temperature of 41.3°C. The rapid heart rate (93-494 bpm) and respiratory rate (12-85) explain the fast metabolic rate of the avian species. This high basic metabolic rate influences the rate of drug absorbtion, metabolism and excretion and should be taken into account when anaesthetising these animals.

Birds are endothermic vertebrates, many with a high core temperature of 41.3°C. The rapid heart rate (93-494 bpm) and respiratory rate (12-85) explain the fast metabolic rate of the avian species. This high basic metabolic rate influences the rate of drug absorbtion, metabolism and excretion and should be taken into account when anaesthetising these animals.

Food can move retrograde from the [[The Proventriculus - Anatomy & Physiology|proventriculus]] to the [[Crop- Anatomy and Physiology|crop]]. Food can also pass from the [[The Gizzard - Anamtomy & Physiology|gizzard]] back into the [[The Proventriculus - Anatomy & Physiology|proventriculus]] depending on particle size, which is similar to that in mammals. The egestion of bones occurs once the nutritious material has been ingested. During reflux, gastric motility is inhibited and the pellet is expelled through the [[The Avian Oral Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity]] by oesophageal antiperistaltis. This cleans the [[Crop- Anatomy and Physiology|crop]] out and checking the pellet of captive birds should be undertaken daily to assess health.

The avian ailimentary system differs immensely from the basic mammalian design. Food can move in a  retrograde fashion from the [[The Proventriculus - Anatomy & Physiology|proventriculus]] to the [[Crop- Anatomy and Physiology|crop]]. Food can also pass from the [[The Gizzard - Anamtomy & Physiology|gizzard]] back into the [[The Proventriculus - Anatomy & Physiology|proventriculus]] depending on particle size, which is similar to that in mammals. The egestion of bones occurs once the nutritious material has been ingested. During reflux, gastric motility is inhibited and the pellet is expelled through the [[The Avian Oral Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity]] by oesophageal antiperistaltis. This cleans the [[Crop- Anatomy and Physiology|crop]] out and checking the pellet of captive birds should be undertaken daily to assess health.

 

The avian ailimentary system differs immensely from the basic mammalian design.  

[[Image:Avian GIT.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Avian GIT Overview - Copyright Nottingham 2008]]

[[Image:Avian GIT.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Avian GIT Overview - Copyright Nottingham 2008]]

::[[The Avian Hard Palate - Anatomy & Physiology|The Hard Palate]]

::[[The Avian Hard Palate - Anatomy & Physiology|The Hard Palate]]

::[[The Avian Intestines - Anatomy & Physiology|The Intestines]]

::[[The Avian Intestines - Anatomy & Physiology|The Intestines]]