| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | | + | {{frontpage |
| | + | |pagetitle =Pericardial Pathology |
| | + | |pagebody = <div style="text-align: left; direction: ltr; margin-left: 1em;"> |
| | The heart is invested in a pericardial sac with both visceral and parietal components. The visceral layer is closely adherent to the heart wall. The space within the pericardium is small and contains approximately 1-5ml serous fluid. This allows smooth movement of the heart within the pericardium during normal systole and diastole.<br> | | The heart is invested in a pericardial sac with both visceral and parietal components. The visceral layer is closely adherent to the heart wall. The space within the pericardium is small and contains approximately 1-5ml serous fluid. This allows smooth movement of the heart within the pericardium during normal systole and diastole.<br> |
| | The pericardial sac is thin, fibrous and inelastic so prevents and significant distension. This causes a constrictive effect when fluid accumulates within the sac. | | The pericardial sac is thin, fibrous and inelastic so prevents and significant distension. This causes a constrictive effect when fluid accumulates within the sac. |
| Line 11: |
Line 13: |
| | *Pericardial cysts. | | *Pericardial cysts. |
| | *Partial or complete absence of the paricardial sac. | | *Partial or complete absence of the paricardial sac. |
| | + | </div> |
| | + | |contenttitle =Content |
| | + | |contentbody =<big><b> |
| | + | <categorytree mode=pages>Pericardial Pathology</categorytree> |
| | | | |
| | + | </b></big> |
| | + | |logo = |
| | + | }} |
| | | | |
| | + | [[Pericarditis]] |
| | | | |
| − | ==Metabolic Pathology==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===[[Serous Atrophy of Fat - Pathology|Serous atrophy of fat]]===
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Epicardial mineralisation===
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===[[Urate Metabolism - Pathology|Urate deposition]]===
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===[[Hydropericardium]]===
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===[[Haemopericardium]]===
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===[[Haemorrhagic Effusion, Pericardial]]===
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Inflammatory-Pericarditis==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Usually an infective aetiology. As with non-inflammatory accumulation of fluid the main complication is the restriction of ventricular movement. Clinical signs seen are therefore those of circulatory failure along with pyrexia and a general depression.
| |
| − | [[Image:Pericarditis-histo.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Pericarditis'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Spread of infectious agent may be:
| |
| − | *Haematogenous; following generalised infection. Most often seen in cattle and pigs.
| |
| − | *Extension of infection form surrounding tissues; for example from the lungs, pleura, mediastinum.
| |
| − | *Extension of infection from myocardium; rare.
| |
| − | *Traumatic penetration of the pericardium;
| |
| − | **Foreign bodies from the oesophagus or reticulum in cattle; [[Traumatic_Reticulitis|traumatic reticulo-peritonitis]].
| |
| − | **Fractured ribs; E.g. RTAs in small animals, horses etc.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Pericarditis can be subdivided into two main categories:
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Fibrinous pericarditis===
| |
| − |
| |
| − | [[Image:Fibrinous pericarditis.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Fibrinous pericarditis'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Most common form. Grey strands of fibrin cover the epicardium and little fluid accumulates. Close apposition of the parietal and visceral pericardium layers allows adhesion formation within approximatley 7-10 days. Such adhesions may resolve with little residual pathology or may become focal or diffuse adhesive pericarditis lesions.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Fibrinous pericarditis produces a crackiling sound on auscultation.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <br><br>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Suppurative pericarditis===
| |
| − | [[Image:traumatic pericarditis 2.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Traumatic pericarditis'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
| |
| − | Purulent pericarditis indicates the presence of pyogenic organisms E.g. Staphs
| |
| − | Usually occurs in cattle as a result of traumatic penetration of the pericardial sac with a sharp metallic object or ''wire''. This is [[Traumatic_Reticulitis|Traumatic reticulo-peritonitis]]
| |
| − | Death usually occurs before organisation and a constrictive pericarditis can become apparent.
| |
| − | [[Image:traumatic reticulitis.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Traumatic pericarditis'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
| |
| − | [[Image:Traumatic pericarditis 4.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Traumatic pericarditis'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
| |
| − | '''Sequalae of pericarditis:'''
| |
| − | *Resolution with no further clinical significance.
| |
| − | *Adhesion: organisation of fibrin. May lead to a ''bread and butter'' appearance.
| |
| − | *Constriction: gradual [[Cardiac Tamponade - Pathology|cardiac tamponade]] will occur.
| |
| | | | |
| | [[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Pathology]] | | [[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Pathology]] |