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|pagetitle =Pericardial Pathology
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The heart is invested in a pericardial sac with both visceral and parietal components.  The visceral layer is closely adherent to the heart wall.  The space within the pericardium is small and contains approximately 1-5ml serous fluid.  This allows smooth movement of the heart within the pericardium during normal systole and diastole.<br>
 
The heart is invested in a pericardial sac with both visceral and parietal components.  The visceral layer is closely adherent to the heart wall.  The space within the pericardium is small and contains approximately 1-5ml serous fluid.  This allows smooth movement of the heart within the pericardium during normal systole and diastole.<br>
 
The pericardial sac is thin, fibrous and inelastic so prevents and significant distension. This causes a constrictive effect when fluid accumulates within the sac.
 
The pericardial sac is thin, fibrous and inelastic so prevents and significant distension. This causes a constrictive effect when fluid accumulates within the sac.
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*Pericardial cysts.
 
*Pericardial cysts.
 
*Partial or complete absence of the paricardial sac.
 
*Partial or complete absence of the paricardial sac.
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<categorytree mode=pages>Pericardial Pathology</categorytree>
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[[Pericarditis]]
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==Metabolic Pathology==
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===[[Serous Atrophy of Fat - Pathology|Serous atrophy of fat]]===
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===Epicardial mineralisation===
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===[[Urate Metabolism - Pathology|Urate deposition]]===
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===[[Hydropericardium]]===
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===[[Haemopericardium]]===
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===[[Haemorrhagic Effusion, Pericardial]]===
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==Inflammatory-Pericarditis==
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Usually an infective aetiology.  As with non-inflammatory accumulation of fluid the main complication is the restriction of ventricular movement.  Clinical signs seen are therefore those of circulatory failure along with pyrexia and a general depression. 
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[[Image:Pericarditis-histo.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Pericarditis'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
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Spread of infectious agent may be:
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*Haematogenous; following generalised infection.  Most often seen in cattle and pigs.
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*Extension of infection form surrounding tissues; for example from the lungs, pleura, mediastinum.
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*Extension of infection from myocardium; rare.
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*Traumatic penetration of the pericardium;
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**Foreign bodies from the oesophagus or reticulum in cattle; [[Traumatic_Reticulitis|traumatic reticulo-peritonitis]].
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**Fractured ribs; E.g. RTAs in small animals, horses etc.
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Pericarditis can be subdivided into two main categories:
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===Fibrinous pericarditis===
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[[Image:Fibrinous pericarditis.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Fibrinous pericarditis'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
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Most common form.  Grey strands of fibrin cover the epicardium and little fluid accumulates.  Close apposition of the parietal and visceral pericardium layers allows adhesion formation within approximatley 7-10 days.  Such adhesions may resolve with little residual pathology or may become focal or diffuse adhesive pericarditis lesions.
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Fibrinous pericarditis produces a crackiling sound on auscultation.
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<br><br>
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===Suppurative pericarditis===
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[[Image:traumatic pericarditis 2.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Traumatic pericarditis'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
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Purulent pericarditis indicates the presence of pyogenic organisms E.g. Staphs
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Usually occurs in cattle as a result of traumatic penetration of the pericardial sac with a sharp metallic object or ''wire''.  This is [[Traumatic_Reticulitis|Traumatic reticulo-peritonitis]]
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Death usually occurs before organisation and a constrictive pericarditis can become apparent.
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[[Image:traumatic reticulitis.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Traumatic pericarditis'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
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[[Image:Traumatic pericarditis 4.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Traumatic pericarditis'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
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'''Sequalae of pericarditis:'''
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*Resolution with no further clinical significance.
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*Adhesion: organisation of fibrin.  May lead to a ''bread and butter'' appearance.
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*Constriction: gradual [[Cardiac Tamponade - Pathology|cardiac tamponade]] will occur.
      
[[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Pathology]]
 
[[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Pathology]]
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