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<<review>>
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Once the veterinarian has carried out the examination, a decision as to whether the horse is a candidate for medical treatment or referral to a surgical facility for exploration, has to be made. Some cases will be difficult to diagnose and pose a problem to the decision to refer the horse. It is better for the veterinarian to refer the horse if there is any doubt as any further delay can make the difference between a sucessful and fatal outcome. The decision is based on a number of parameters listed below.  
 
Once the veterinarian has carried out the examination, a decision as to whether the horse is a candidate for medical treatment or referral to a surgical facility for exploration, has to be made. Some cases will be difficult to diagnose and pose a problem to the decision to refer the horse. It is better for the veterinarian to refer the horse if there is any doubt as any further delay can make the difference between a sucessful and fatal outcome. The decision is based on a number of parameters listed below.  
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| Positive results, serosanguinous fluid, TPP > 25 g/l, WBC's increased
 
| Positive results, serosanguinous fluid, TPP > 25 g/l, WBC's increased
 
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===References===
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* Edwards B. (2009), Diagnosis and Pathophysiology of Intestinal Obstruction, in Equine Gastroenterology courtesy of the University of Liverpool, pp 9 - 10
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* Meuller E, Moore J. N, (2008) Classification and Pathophysiology of Colic, Gastrointestinal Emergencies and Other Causes of Colic, in Equine Emergencies- Treatments and Procedures, 3rd Edition, Eds Orsini J. A, Divers T.J, Saunders Elsevier, pp 112
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