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Line 1: − {{review}} − {{toplink+ − |backcolour = D1EEEE − |linkpage =Cardiorespiratory System - Pathology − |linktext =Cardiorespiratory System − |maplink = Cardiorespiratory System (Content Map) - Pathology − |pagetype =Pathology − |sublink1=Respiratory System Inflammation - Pathology − |subtext1=RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INFLAMMATION − }} − <br> − ==In general== − − *Some viruses are thought to induce modifications of the pulmonary defences by: − **Damaging the upper respiratory tract, thereby facilitating bacterial attachment and colonisation, with reduced [[Respiratory System General Introduction - Pathology#Mucociliary escalator|mucociliary clearance]] − **Decreasing surfactant levels by destroying Type 2 pneu[[Monocytes]] − **Impairing the phagocytic ability of alveolar macrophages − − − ==In Dogs== − − ===Canine distemper=== − − *Caused by a [[Paramyxoviridae#Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)|morbillivirus]] − *[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]] − *Although many organs can be affected by CDV, a relatively constant feature is the respiratory signs which occur in varying severity − *A syndrome of catharral oculonasal discharge, [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|pharyngitis]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] is relatively common in the initial stages − *Since one of the primary sites of action of this virus is lymphoid tissue, the resultant immunosuppression -> predisposition to secondary bacterial infection − *May cause [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] where [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Inclusions|inclusions]] are found within alveolar macrophages − *Gross pathology: − **Oedematous lungs, diffuse interstitial pneumonia − *Micro pathology: − **Necrosis of pneumocytes, necrotising bronchiolitis, alveolar oedema, thickening of alveolar walls and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia − − − ===Parainfluenza- 2=== − − *Caused by an [[Paramyxoviridae|parainfluenza- 2 virus]] − *[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]], [[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology|tracheo]][[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] − − − ===[[Infectious Canine Tracheitis|Infectious canine tracheitis]]=== − − ===Canine adenovirus=== − [[Image:Adenovirus pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Adenovirus pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]] − − *[[Adenoviridae|Adenoviridae]] − *Usually mild [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]], necrosis of bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium, oedema, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia − *May cause necrotising [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]] in immune-deficient dogs ([[Paramyxoviridae#Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)|distemper]]) − *Can be associated with [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Infectious canine tracheitis|kennel cough]] described above − − ===Canine herpes virus=== − − *Caused by [[Herpesviridae|canine herpes virus 1]] − *Part of '''fading puppy syndrome''' − *Presents with necrotising [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhino]][[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheitis]] and secondary [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]] in older dogs − *Seems to be common subclinically − − − ===Canine respiratory coronavirus=== − − *(CRCV) − *Shown to be involved in an outbreak of disease in large kennels with rapidly changing population and high incidence of respiratory disease − *Erles, K., Toomey, C. ''et al.''(2003) "Detection of a group 2 coronavirus in dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease." Virology '''310'''(2):216-223 − − − − ==In Cats== − − ===[[Feline Herpesvirus 1|Feline viral rhinotracheitis]]=== − − − − − ===Feline calicivirus=== − − *Causative agent: [[Caliciviridae|feline calicivirus]] − *[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]], − *Suggested in the presence of ulceration of the dorsal and lateral edges of the [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]], hard palate and external nares − *Lesions present may include [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] with necrotising [[Bronchi and Bronchioles - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]] − *Also see Feline viral rhinotracheitis above − − ==In Horses== − [[Image:Equine respiratory viruses concept map.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Equine respiratory viruses Concept Map (Courtesy of B. Stanikova)</center></small>]] − − ===[[Equine rhinovirus]]=== − − ===[[Equine Influenza|Equine influenza]]=== − − ===Equine rhinopneumonitis === − *Causative agent: [[Herpesviridae|equine herpesvirus type 1 and type 4]] − *Primary viral lesions in [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|nasal mucosa]] and [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|lungs]] − *Mild, transient [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]] − *Latent infection acting as a reservoir − *Sites of latency: bronchial lymph nodes and trigeminal ganglia − *Replicates in upper respiratory tract epithelium − *Disseminated to lower respiratory tract − *Transported to other organs in T-lymphocytes - viraemia up to 3 weeks − *Vasculitis, abortion − *May be accompanied by secondary bacterial infection − − − ===Equine viral arteritis (EVA)=== − *Causative agent: [[Arteriviridae|equine arterivirus]] − *[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|Rhinitis]], peripheral oedema, [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|bronchitis/bronchiolitis]], conjunctivitis, periorbital oedema − *Replicates in macrophages and endothelial cells − *Disseminates via the circulatory system causing necrotising arteritis − *[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|Interstitial pneumonia]] − *Transmitted by respiratory and venereal routes through direct contact with infected horse or its secretions − *Stallion are a reservoir of infection as they are chronic shedders − − − ===Equine adenovirus=== − [[Image:Adenovirus in equine lung.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Adenovirus in equine lung (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]] − − *[[Adenoviridae|Adenoviridae]] − *May cause necrotising [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]] in immune-deficient foals (Arabian foals) − *Grossly: − **[[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis (Collapse)|Atelectasis]] and consolidation of lobules in cranioventral region − **Mucopurulent exudate in airways − *Histologically: − **Severe bronchiolitis, necrotising -> proliferative − **Bronchiolar obstruction by sloughed debri and [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]] -> alveolar atelectasis − *May lead to secondary bacterial infections − − − ===African horse sickness=== − [[Image:Lung oedema in African horse sickness.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Lung oedema in African horse sickness (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]] − − *Caused by [[Reoviridae|orbivirus]], family reoviridae − *Respiratory distress or cardiovascular failure − *Rapid death due to massive [[Lungs Circulatory - Pathology#Pulmonary oedema|pulmonary oedema]] − *[[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Degenerative - Pathology#Hydrothorax|Hydrothorax]] may also develop − *Large amounts of froth present in airways − − ===[[Hendra Virus]]=== − − ==In Cattle== − − ===[[Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis|Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)]]=== − − − ===Parainfluenza- 3=== − − *Causative agent: [[Paramyxoviridae#Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)|parainfluenza- 3 virus]] (PI3) − *On its own causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] − *Often part of multi-aetiology disease complex (e.g. [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]), often followed by [[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|''Pasteurella sp.'']] obscuring viral origin − *Replicates in airway epithelial cells and results in an initial [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis -> bronchiolitis]] -> extension into [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|alveoli]], causing [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]] − *Early stages may show [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Inclusions|intracytoplasmic inclusions]] − *The resulting exudate is predominantly neutrophilic − *Positive confirmation lies in a Fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT) to the specific virus on frozen sections of tissue − − − ===[[Bovine adenovirus]]=== − − ===Respiratory syncytial virus=== − − *Causative agent [[Paramyxoviridae|Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)]], synonym: bovine RSV (BRSV) − *Outbreaks of RSV associated disease usually occur associated with winter housing − *Gross pathology in severe cases − **Cranioventral [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis (Collapse)|atelectasis]] and consolidation − **[[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Emphysema|Interstitial emphysema]] − ***More prominent in the caudal lung lobes − ***Results from bronchoconstriction which results in airway obstruction - this constriction is thought to arise from [[Mast Cells|mast cell]] degranulation and histamine release − *Histologically − **[[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis|Acute bronchiolitis]], characteristic of the bronchiolar response is the formation of syncytial giant cells (formed by proliferating bronchiolar epithelial cells which may contain [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Inclusions|intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies]]), alveolar epithelium sometimes affected − **Obstruction of bronchioles by exudate - these may later become obliterated by the fibrous tissue of organisation − *May contribute to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]] − − ===[[Bovine rhinovirus]]=== − − ==In Sheep== − − ===Maedi Visna=== − − *Caused by a [[Retroviridae|retrovirus]] − *The respiratory from of the disease caused by maedi-visna virus (Maedi) is also called '''lymphoid interstitial pneumonia''' − *Transmitted by close contact and via milk − *The pulmonary lesions develop very slowly hence this disease is uncommon in sheep < 2 years old − *Increased respiratory rate upon exertion, loss of weight − *Remains in [[Monocytes]] and macrophages − *Gross findings − **Severe [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] − **Lungs fail to collapse properly on opening the chest and can weigh more than twice the normal weight − **Impressions of the ribs remain on the visceral pleura − **Lungs are a mottled grey/ tan colour - the lesions can vary from irregular grey speckling to homogeneous grey consolidation − **Rubbery in consistence − **Diaphragmatic lobes most affected − **Associated bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes are often enlarged − *Histologically − **Major features are extensive lymphoid proliferation around perivascular, peribronchial and peribronchiolar sheaths associated with pulmonary lymphatics − **Many of these areas contain germinal centres and smooth muscle hyperplasia (in walls of terminal bronchioles and alveoli) − − − ===Parainfluenza -3=== − − *As in [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Parainfluenza- 3|cattle]] − − − ===Pulmonary adenomatosis=== − − *See [[Lungs Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis (SPA/ Jaagsiekte)|neoplasia]] − − − ==In Goats== − − ===Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis (CAE)=== − − *Caused by [[Retroviridae|retrovirus (lentivirus)]] similar to [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Maedi Visna|Maedi Visna]] in sheep described above − *Two forms: − **Non-suppurative leukoencephalomyelitis in young goats and kids − **Chronic, non-suppurative arthritis-synovitis in adult goats − *Also causes [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] which tends to be obscured by other clinical signs − *Gross pathology: − **Mainly caudal lobes − **Lungs are firm, grey-pink with grey-white focal lesions on cut surface − *Micro pathology: − **Thickened alveolar wall − **Lymphocyte infiltration and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia − *Can be confused with or coexisting with [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Verminous pneumonia|Parasitic pneumonia]] − − − ==In Pigs== − − ===Inclusion body rhinitis=== − [[Image:Inclusion body rhinitis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Inclusion body rhinitis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]] − − *[[Herpesviridae|'''Herpesviridae, porcine cytomegalovirus''']] − *Disease of suckling piglets 1-5 wks of age − *Clinical signs: those associated with acute/subacute [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] (ie: serous nasal discharge, progressing to catarrhal or purulent discharge with time and secondary bacterial infections; sneezing; pyrexia), fever in young piglets (3-8wks old) − *May progress to [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Sinusitis|sinusitis]], otitis media or [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] − *Morbitity high, mortality low − *Gross pathology - catarrhal discharge becoming purulent (secondary infection) − *Histology: − **Large basophilic [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Inclusions|intranuclear inclusion bodies]] in the surface and subepithelium of nasal and sinus glandular epithelium with lymphocytic infiltration of the mucosa − **Bursting of nucleus with cell necrosis and sloughing of necrotic epithelium − *Can develop viraemic stage, with inclusions and focal necrotising lesions in other organs eg: renal tubular epithelium − **Usually younger piglets, can die during this phase − *Usually resolves if uncomplicated but rhinitis may persist if secondary infection is present − *May persist in pulmonary macrophages − − − ===[[Swine Influenza|Swine influenza]]=== − − ===Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome=== − − *The syndrome is caused by a small enveloped RNA virus which belongs to the new [[Arteriviridae|Arteriviridae]] group − *Replicates in and destroys macrophages and endothelial cells causing vasculitis -> viraemia -> virus shedding (nasal secretions, faeces) − *Clinical signs: respiratory and reproductive failure, weaned pigs, tachypnoea, eyelid oedema, conjunctivitis − *Moderate to severe interstitial [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] in the cranial lobe − *Superimposed bacterial infections are common − *Infectious disease in swine that emerged 10 years ago − *Today, PRRS is endemic in many if not all the pig-producing countries − − − ===Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)=== − − *Caused by a [[Circoviridae|porcine circovirus]] alone or in combination with [[Parvoviridae|porcine parvovirus]] − *May cause mild [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]], failure of lungs to collpse on opening the thoracic cavity − *Microscopically: thickening of alveolar wall due to type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia − − − ===[[Porcine respiratory coronavirus]]===
moved Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology to Respiratory Viral Infections
#REDIRECT[[:Category:Respiratory Viral Infections]]