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Created page with '[[Image:Acute suppurative pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Acute suppurative pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></s…'
[[Image:Acute suppurative pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Acute suppurative pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
[[Image:Calf pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Calf pneumonia - chronic, with abscesses, fibrosis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
*Range of infectious agents together with managemental and environmental stress cause damage to the respiratory tract
*Causes unthriftiness in animals < 6 months old
*Usually the primary pathogen is a virus, secondary pathogens are bacteria and mycoplasmas
*Pathogens:
**[[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasmas'']]
***Mycoplasmal [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] and [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] of calves is an important component of the syndrome of enzootic pneumonia
***On its own causes Mycoplasmal ("Cuffing") pneumonia responsible for [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis and bronchiolitis]] and [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
***It is thought to pick up host antigens in order to prevent recognition by the body defences as foreign
***In uncomplicated mycoplasma infection, the lesions are generally mild and consist of patchy red/purple areas of [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis|atelectasis]] in the '''cranio-ventral lung lobes'''
***More confluent areas can develop with an underlying bronchointestitial pneumonia and resulting atelectasis
***''M. bovis''
****Most pathogenic
****Widespread lymphofollicular accumulations which contain germinal centres develop more slowly
****These lesions can result in narrowing of the bronchiolar lumina - this is the classical lesion of '''‘cuffing pneumonia’'''
***''M. dispar''
***''Ureaplasma'' sp.
**Viruses
***[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Respiratory syncytial virus|Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)]] - can be primary, causes suppression of pulmonary immune response
***[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Parainfluenza- 3|Parainfluenza- 3 (PI3)]] - can be primary, causes suppression of pulmonary immune response
***[[Flaviviridae|Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV)]] - suppression of pulmonary immune response
***[[Adenoviridae|Adenoviruses]]
***[[Coronaviridae|Calf coronavirus]]
***[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)|Bovine herpes viruses]]
**Bacteria
***[[Mannheimia haemolytica|''Manheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica'' serotype A1]]
***[[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']]
***[[Arcanobacter pyogenes|''Arcanobacter pyogenes'']]
***''[[Haemophilus somnus]]''
*All transmitted by aerosol and direct contact
*Gross pathology:
**Consolidation of the cranioventral areas which increases in volume with duration
**On cut surface, exudate in the main airway of affected lobules with thickening of the surrounding connective tissue
*Micro pathology:
**Substantial lymphoid tissue around the airways
**Even to proper follicle formation, some of which may be large enough to compress the lumen
**Mixed cell exudate in the airway lumen
**Partial alveolar collapse distal to the compression
**Alveolar exudate contains a mixture of inflammatory cells
**Slight thickening of the alveolar walls with lymphocytes[[Category:Cattle]][[Category:To_Do_-_Clinical]]
[[Image:Calf pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Calf pneumonia - chronic, with abscesses, fibrosis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
*Range of infectious agents together with managemental and environmental stress cause damage to the respiratory tract
*Causes unthriftiness in animals < 6 months old
*Usually the primary pathogen is a virus, secondary pathogens are bacteria and mycoplasmas
*Pathogens:
**[[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasmas'']]
***Mycoplasmal [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] and [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] of calves is an important component of the syndrome of enzootic pneumonia
***On its own causes Mycoplasmal ("Cuffing") pneumonia responsible for [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis and bronchiolitis]] and [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
***It is thought to pick up host antigens in order to prevent recognition by the body defences as foreign
***In uncomplicated mycoplasma infection, the lesions are generally mild and consist of patchy red/purple areas of [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis|atelectasis]] in the '''cranio-ventral lung lobes'''
***More confluent areas can develop with an underlying bronchointestitial pneumonia and resulting atelectasis
***''M. bovis''
****Most pathogenic
****Widespread lymphofollicular accumulations which contain germinal centres develop more slowly
****These lesions can result in narrowing of the bronchiolar lumina - this is the classical lesion of '''‘cuffing pneumonia’'''
***''M. dispar''
***''Ureaplasma'' sp.
**Viruses
***[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Respiratory syncytial virus|Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)]] - can be primary, causes suppression of pulmonary immune response
***[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Parainfluenza- 3|Parainfluenza- 3 (PI3)]] - can be primary, causes suppression of pulmonary immune response
***[[Flaviviridae|Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV)]] - suppression of pulmonary immune response
***[[Adenoviridae|Adenoviruses]]
***[[Coronaviridae|Calf coronavirus]]
***[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)|Bovine herpes viruses]]
**Bacteria
***[[Mannheimia haemolytica|''Manheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica'' serotype A1]]
***[[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']]
***[[Arcanobacter pyogenes|''Arcanobacter pyogenes'']]
***''[[Haemophilus somnus]]''
*All transmitted by aerosol and direct contact
*Gross pathology:
**Consolidation of the cranioventral areas which increases in volume with duration
**On cut surface, exudate in the main airway of affected lobules with thickening of the surrounding connective tissue
*Micro pathology:
**Substantial lymphoid tissue around the airways
**Even to proper follicle formation, some of which may be large enough to compress the lumen
**Mixed cell exudate in the airway lumen
**Partial alveolar collapse distal to the compression
**Alveolar exudate contains a mixture of inflammatory cells
**Slight thickening of the alveolar walls with lymphocytes[[Category:Cattle]][[Category:To_Do_-_Clinical]]