Changes

The chronic form occurs when ingested third stage larvae develop to the fourth stage without interruption, leading to inflammation and thickening of the intestinal mucosa. Larval emergence may occur throughout the summer and autumn, leading to the clinical signs of associated with a 'wormy' horse. This type of cyathostomosis is more commonly seen in younger horses who have not yet developed full immunity against the parasite.

The chronic form occurs when ingested third stage larvae develop to the fourth stage without interruption, leading to inflammation and thickening of the intestinal mucosa. Larval emergence may occur throughout the summer and autumn, leading to the clinical signs of associated with a 'wormy' horse. This type of cyathostomosis is more commonly seen in younger horses who have not yet developed full immunity against the parasite.

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

All horses may be affected but most are less than five years old. Geriatric animals also have an increased susceptibility. Disease commonly occurs in late winter or early spring. A history of an unthrifty or 'poor do-er' young horse combined with identifcation of larvae in faeces may arouse clinical suspicion of cyathostomosis.  

All horses may be affected but most are less than five years old. Geriatric animals also have an increased susceptibility. Clinical disease commonly occurs in late winter or early spring and usually affects only one or two horses in a herd, most likely due to individual susceptibility. A history of an unthrifty or 'poor do-er' young horse combined with identifcation of larvae in faeces may be sufficient to arouse clinical suspicion of cyathostomosis.  

==Clinical Signs==

==Clinical Signs==

* Increased ALP

* Increased ALP

* Hypoproteinaemia

* Hypoproteinaemia

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

Treatment is indicated for horses with faecal egg counts greater than 200 eggs per gram. Cyathostomins are widely resistant to anthelmintics, particularly benzimidazoles. Moxidectin PO is effective against these resistant strains and also against encysted larvae. Refractory cases may benefit from concurrent corticosteroid therapy with prednisolone.  

Treatment is indicated for horses with faecal egg counts greater than 200 eggs per gram. Cyathostomins are widely resistant to anthelmintics, particularly benzimidazoles. Moxidectin PO is effective against these resistant strains and also against encysted larvae. Five daily doses of Fenbendazole followed by a single dose of Ivermectin may be administered as an alternative. Refractory cases may benefit from concurrent corticosteroid therapy with prednisolone.